{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:21:03Z","timestamp":1791566463444,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["G-68-166-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-68-166-38"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malva parviflora L., Little mallow, has been traditionally used as an alternative food source. It acts as a medicinal herb containing a potential source of mucilage thus herein; we aimed to assess the toxicity, anti-inflammatory, antitussive and gastro-protective actions of M. parviflora mucilage extracted from its leaves (MLM) and fruit (MFM). Toxicity studies were investigated by in vitro hemolytic assay whereas acute anti-inflammatory and antitussive activities were assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema and sulphur dioxide induced cough model in rats, respectively. Gastro-protective effects were studied using ethanol induced acute and chronic gastric ulcer rat models. Their metabolic profiles were determined using gas chromatography. The results revealed that MLM and MFM were non-toxic towards human erythrocytes and their lethal doses were found to be greater than 5 g\/kg. Pretreatment with MLM (500 mg\/kg) and MFM (500 mg\/kg) significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw thickness (p &lt; 0.001). Maximum edema inhibition (%) was observed at 4 h in diclofenac sodium (39.31%) followed by MLM (27.35%) and MFM (15.68%). Animals pretreated with MLM (500 mg\/kg) significantly lower the cough frequency in SO2 gas induced cough models in contrast to control. Moreover, MLM at doses of 250 and 500 mg\/kg reduced the ethanol induced gastric mucosal injuries in acute gastric ulcer models presenting ulcer inhibition of 23.04 and 38.74%, respectively. The chronic gastric ulcer model MFM (500 mg\/kg) demonstrated a remarkable gastro-protective effect showing 63.52% ulcer inhibition and results were closely related to standard drug sucralfate. In both models, MLM and MFM decreased gastric juice volume and total acidity in addition to an increased gastric juice pH and gastric mucous content justifying an anti-secretary role of this mucilage that was further confirmed by histopathological examination. Meanwhile, GC analyses of the mucilage revealed their richness with natural as well as acidic monosaccharides. It is concluded that MLM and MFM can be used therapeutically for the management of inflammation, cough and gastric ulcer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1648762469000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Malva parviflora Leaves and Fruits Mucilage as Natural Sources of Anti-Inflammatory, Antitussive and Gastro-Protective Agents: A Comparative Study Using Rat Models and Gas Chromatography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Altyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ans","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiqa","family":"Ishtiaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Rizwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Lahore Medical and Dental College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khizar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Kensara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 7067, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3799-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh S.","family":"Elhady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-4084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed Y.","family":"Rizg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadia S.","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed L.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles, R., and Mallefet, P. (2017). Soothing properties of glycerol in cough syrups for acute cough due to common cold. Pharmacy, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy5010004"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Room, A., Hardy, M.L., and Mills, S. (2010). Chapter 3\u2014Fundamental Principles of Herbal Medicine. Botanical Medicine for Women\u2019s Health, Churchill Livingstone.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-07277-2.00003-9"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czibulka, A. (2019). Probiotics and Herbal Therapies. 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