{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:25:32Z","timestamp":1792189532205,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular and related diseases (CVRDs) are among the most prevalent chronic diseases in the 21st century, with a high mortality rate. This review summarizes the various nanomedicines for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in CVRDs, including nanomedicine for angina pectoris, myocarditis, myocardial infarction, pericardial disorder, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension and stroke. Theranostic nanomedicines can prolong systemic circulation, escape from the host defense system, and deliver theranostic agents to the targeted site for imaging and therapy at a cellular and molecular level. Presently, discrete non-invasive and non-surgical theranostic methodologies are such an advancement modality capable of targeted diagnosis and therapy and have better efficacy with fewer side effects than conventional medicine. Additionally, we have presented the recent updates on nanomedicine in clinical trials, targeted nanomedicine and its translational challenges for CVRDs. Theranostic nanomedicine acts as a bridge towards CVRDs amelioration and its management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T21:23:55Z","timestamp":1648848235000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Theranostic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Related Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Natasha","family":"Manners","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu","family":"Priya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishesh","family":"Mehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad 500078, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2077-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syam","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1078-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafiz","family":"Makeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Albratty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Albarrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkarim","family":"Meraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madaswamy","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.04.001","article-title":"Nanomedicine approaches in vascular disease: A review","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940397","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4940397","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based cardiac targeting and direct cardiac reprogramming: The betrothed","volume":"2017","author":"Passaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem. 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