{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:50:29Z","timestamp":1788169829279,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have previously described the LCGA-17 peptide as a novel anxiolytic and antidepressant candidate that acts through the \u03b12\u03b4 VGCC (voltage-gated calcium channel) subunit with putative synergism with GABA-A receptors. The current study tested the potential efficacy of acute and chronic intranasal (i.n.) LCGA-17 (0.05 mg\/kg and 0.5 mg\/kg) in rats on predator odor-induced conditioned place aversion (POCPA), a model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) that produce a range of behavioral and physiological changes that parallel symptoms of depression in humans. CUS and LCGA-17 treatment effects were tested in the sucrose preference (SPT) social interaction (SI), female urine sniffing (FUST), novelty-suppressed feeding (NSFT), and forced swim (FST) tests. Analysis of the catecholamines content in brain structures after CUS was carried out using HPLC. The efficacy of i.n. LCGA-17 was also assessed using the Elevated plus-maze (EPM) and FST. Acute LCGA-17 administration showed anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in EPM and FST, similar to diazepam and ketamine, respectively. In the POCPA study, LCGA-17 significantly reduced place aversion, with efficacy greater than doxazosin. After CUS, chronic LCGA-17 administration reversed stress-induced alterations in numerous behavioral tests (SI, FUST, SPT, and FST), producing significant anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Finally, LCGA-17 restored the norepinephrine levels in the hippocampus following stress. Together, these results support the further development of the LCGA-17 peptide as a rapid-acting anxiolytic and antidepressant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Peptide LCGA-17 Attenuates Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Rodent Models of PTSD and Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anton V.","family":"Malyshev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliia A.","family":"Sukhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria M.","family":"Ushakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yana A.","family":"Zorkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Abramova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Y.","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene A.","family":"Zubkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-9250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita A.","family":"Mitkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vsevolod V.","family":"Pavshintsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9571-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor I.","family":"Doronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilina R.","family":"Gedzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gennady A.","family":"Babkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lactocore Inc., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology\/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miah D.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology\/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin N.","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology\/TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-1140-y","article-title":"Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD","volume":"22","author":"Christiansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70235-4","article-title":"The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: A head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist","volume":"1","author":"Hoge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900902","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: Impact, Comorbidity, Risk Factors, and Treatment","volume":"59","author":"Sareen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"376","author":"Shalev","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory","article-title":"Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: Alternative explanations and treatment considerations","volume":"17","author":"Flory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0006","article-title":"Depression in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"31","author":"Radell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00026","article-title":"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder as Two Pathologies Affecting Memory Reactivation: Implications for New Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"113","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"American Psychological Association (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults: (501872017-001), American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0673-5","article-title":"Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148551","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Hoskins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"CD002795","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"2006","author":"Stein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.06.052","article-title":"Therapeutic peptides: Historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705590","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.705590","article-title":"In silico Screening and Behavioral Validation of a Novel Peptide, LCGA-17, With Anxiolytic-Like Properties","volume":"15","author":"Malyshev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00228","article-title":"Use of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145710001434","article-title":"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"14","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970802465807","article-title":"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders\u2014First Revision","volume":"9","author":"Bandelow","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18758.1","article-title":"Brexanolone, a neurosteroid antidepressant, vindicates the GABAergic deficit hypothesis of depression and may foster resilience","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040","article-title":"The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential","volume":"62","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.03.008","article-title":"Gabapentin increases expression of \u03b4 subunit-containing GABAA receptors","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000460","article-title":"The predator odor avoidance model of post-traumatic stress disorder in rats","volume":"30","author":"Gilpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.03.033","article-title":"Blunted hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis response to predator odor predicts high stress reactivity","volume":"147","author":"Whitaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002","article-title":"The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage","volume":"6","author":"Willner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000259","article-title":"Antidepressant, anxiolytic and procognitive effects of subacute and chronic ketamine in the chronic mild stress model of depression","volume":"28","author":"Papp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00697-4","article-title":"Pharmacological validation of the chronic mild stress model of depression","volume":"296","author":"Papp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000431","article-title":"Validation of chronic mild stress in the Wistar-Kyoto rat as an animal model of treatment-resistant depression","volume":"30","author":"Willner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.11.002","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system","volume":"64","author":"Lochhead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.18433\/J3NC79","article-title":"Intranasal Drug Delivery: How, Why and What for?","volume":"12","author":"Pires","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-015-9719-7","article-title":"Intranasal Delivery of Proteins and Peptides in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300532","article-title":"Stress-Induced Anhedonia in Mice is Associated with Deficits in Forced Swimming and Exploration","volume":"29","author":"Strekalova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-7-9","article-title":"Update in the methodology of the chronic stress paradigm: Internal control matters","volume":"7","author":"Strekalova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, March 22). Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.04.011","article-title":"New evidence for refinement of anesthetic choice in procedures preceding the forced swimming test and the elevated plus-maze","volume":"368","author":"Herbst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.04.021","article-title":"Ketamine modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and pro-inflammatory cytokines but not stressor induced neurochemical changes","volume":"112","author":"Clarke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.09.056","article-title":"Lack of effect of chronic ketamine administration on depression-like behavior and frontal cortex autophagy in female and male ICR mice","volume":"317","author":"Kara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05347-4","article-title":"Classical conditioning of antidepressant placebo effects in mice","volume":"237","author":"Krimmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.03.052","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of low ketamine dose is associated with increased hippocampal AMPA\/NMDA receptor density ratio in female Wistar\u2013Kyoto rats","volume":"213","author":"Tizabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20170031","article-title":"An Open-Label Study of Doxazosin Extended-Release for PTSD: Findings and Recommendations for Future Research on Doxazosin","volume":"16","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"FOCUS"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09681","article-title":"Doxazosin XL Reduces Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans With PTSD","volume":"77","author":"Rodgman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.279006","article-title":"The L-Type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.3 mediates consolidation, but not extinction, of contextually conditioned fear in mice","volume":"13","author":"McKinney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-12-05239.2002","article-title":"NMDA Receptors and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Contribute to Long-Term Potentiation and Different Components of Fear Memory Formation in the Lateral Amygdala","volume":"22","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramova, O., Zorkina, Y., Syunyakov, T., Zubkov, E., Ushakova, V., Silantyev, A., Soloveva, K., Gurina, O., Majouga, A., and Morozova, A. (2021). Brain Metabolic Profile after Intranasal vs. Intraperitoneal Clomipramine Treatment in Rats with Ultrasound Model of Depression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179598"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"112367","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of ketamine on depression-related phenotypes and dopamine dysfunction in rodent models of stress","volume":"379","author":"Grace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.02.022","article-title":"Drug-Dependent Requirement of Hippocampal Neurogenesis in a Model of Depression and of Antidepressant Reversal","volume":"64","author":"Surget","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16024","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16024","article-title":"Fluoxetine regulates mTOR signalling in a region-dependent manner in depression-like mice","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0720-1","article-title":"Diazepam limits microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences following chronic unpredictable stress","volume":"45","author":"Bollinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.223795","article-title":"Effects of oregano essential oil on brain TLR4 and TLR2 gene expression and depressive-like behavior in a rat model","volume":"13","author":"Amiresmaeili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0189","article-title":"NLRP1-Mediated Antidepressant Effect of Ketamine in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model in Rats","volume":"17","author":"Yalcinkaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000486696","article-title":"Benzodiazepines as a Monotherapy in Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"87","author":"Benasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effects of chronic diazepam and medazepam treatment on the level of biogenic monoamines in different rat brain areas","volume":"14","author":"Stancheva","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Bulg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000356423","article-title":"Stress, Memory, and the Hippocampus","volume":"34","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hippocampus Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.077636","article-title":"\u03b12\u03b4 Ligands Act as Positive Modulators of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Prevent Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Chronic Restraint Stress","volume":"82","author":"Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74481-3","article-title":"Repeated stress exposure in mid-adolescence attenuates behavioral, noradrenergic, and epigenetic effects of trauma-like stress in early adult male rats","volume":"10","author":"Chaby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893320050118","article-title":"Molecular Biological Aspects of Depressive Disorders: A Modern View","volume":"54","author":"Ushakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1756-9_8","article-title":"Descending Noradrenergic Inhibition: An Important Mechanism of Gabapentin Analgesia in Neuropathic Pain","volume":"1099","author":"Hayashida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(85)90031-7","article-title":"Validation of open: Closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Pellow","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.03.004","article-title":"Either the dorsal hippocampus or the dorsolateral striatum is selectively involved in consolidation of forced swim-induced immobility depending on genetic background","volume":"111","author":"Colelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.03.003","article-title":"Ultrasound of alternating frequencies and variable emotional impact evokes depressive syndrome in mice and rats","volume":"68","author":"Morozova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae), American Psychiatric Association Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00146","article-title":"The Comparison of a New Ultrasound-Induced Depression Model to the Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm","volume":"13","author":"Zorkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01273-1","article-title":"A review of 25 years of the social interaction test","volume":"463","author":"File","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S185295","article-title":"Influence of Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors in chronic stress-depressed rats through regulating tryptophan metabolism in hippocampus","volume":"15","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.017","article-title":"Recent advances in animal models of chronic antidepressant effects: The novelty-induced hypophagia test","volume":"29","author":"Dulawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.10.018","article-title":"The Female Urine Sniffing Test: A Novel Approach for Assessing Reward-Seeking Behavior in Rodents","volume":"67","author":"Malkesman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.70","article-title":"Traumatic stress reactivity promotes excessive alcohol drinking and alters the balance of prefrontal cortex-amygdala activity","volume":"3","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.11.005","article-title":"Predator odor stress alters corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor (CRF1R)-dependent behaviors in rats","volume":"79","author":"Roltsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00716-1","article-title":"Putative Trace-Amine Associated Receptor 5 (TAAR5) Agonist \u03b1-NETA Increases Electrocorticogram Gamma-Rhythm in Freely Moving Rats","volume":"40","author":"Belov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/4\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:52:31Z","timestamp":1760136751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/4\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph15040462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15040462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]}}}