{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:21:19Z","timestamp":1792030879140,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac sympathetic upregulation is one of the neurohormonal compensation mechanisms that play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF). In the past decades, cardiac 123I-mIBG scintigraphy has been established as a feasible technique to evaluate the global and regional cardiac sympathetic innervation. Although cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging has been studied in many cardiac and neurological diseases, it has extensively been studied in ischemic and non-ischemic CHF. Therefore, this review will focus on the role of 123I-mIBG imaging in CHF. This non-invasive, widely available technique has been established to evaluate the prognosis in CHF. Standardization, especially among various combinations of gamma camera and collimator, is important for identifying appropriate thresholds for adequate risk stratification. Interestingly, in contrast to the linear relationship between 123I-mIBG-derived parameters and overall prognosis, there seems to be a \u201cbell-shape\u201d curve for 123I-mIBG-derived parameters in relation to ventricular arrhythmia or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with ischemic CHF. In addition, there is a potential clinical role for cardiac 123I-mIBG imaging in optimizing patient selection for implantation of expensive devices such as ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Based on cardiac 123I-mIBG data risk models and machine learning, models have been developed for appropriate risk assessment in CHF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15060656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cardiac 123I-mIBG Imaging in Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derk O.","family":"Verschure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Zaans Medical Center, Koningin Julianaplein 58, 1502 DV Zaandam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein J.","family":"Verberne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-016-0902-y","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic activity in chronic heart failure: Cardiac 123I-mIBG scintigraphy to improve patient selection for ICD implantation","volume":"24","author":"Verschure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.73.4.615","article-title":"Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: Evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity","volume":"73","author":"Hasking","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409273111303","article-title":"Plasma Norepinephrine as a Guide to Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"311","author":"Cohn","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.4.1169","article-title":"Positron emission tomography with 11C CGP-12177 to assess beta-adrenergic receptor concentration in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"87","author":"Merlet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198207223070401","article-title":"Decreased Catecholamine Sensitivity and \u03b2-Adrenergic-Receptor Density in Failing Human Hearts","volume":"307","author":"Bristow","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7L","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00844-8","article-title":"Adrenergic Nervous System in Heart Failure","volume":"80","author":"Esler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.038","article-title":"Assessment of Autonomic Function in Cardiovascular Disease: Physiological Basis and Prognostic Implications","volume":"51","author":"Lahiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.158493","article-title":"Retention Kinetics of the 18F-Labeled Sympathetic Nerve PET Tracer LMI1195: Comparison with 11C-Hydroxyephedrine and 123I-MIBG","volume":"56","author":"Werner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"150","article-title":"Assessment of cardiac autonomic neuronal function using PET imaging","volume":"20","author":"Thackeray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.962126","article-title":"Evaluation of LMI1195, a novel 18F-labeled cardiac neuronal PET imaging agent, in cells and animal models","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.09.026","article-title":"Regional Distribution of Fluorine-18-Flubrobenguane and Carbon-11-Hydroxyephedrine for Cardiac PET Imaging of Sympathetic Innervation","volume":"14","author":"Zelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.104232","article-title":"Assessment of the 18F-Labeled PET Tracer LMI1195 for Imaging Norepinephrine Handling in Rat Hearts","volume":"54","author":"Higuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Myocardial kinetics of carbon-11-meta-hydroxyephedrine: Retention mechanisms and effects of norepinephrine","volume":"34","author":"DeGrado","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.050252","article-title":"In Vivo PET Imaging of Cardiac Presynaptic Sympathoneuronal Mechanisms in the Rat","volume":"49","author":"Tipre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00499868","article-title":"Dissociation constants and lipophilicity of catecholamines and related compounds","volume":"310","author":"Mack","year":"1979","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(01)00210-4","article-title":"Assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve integrity with positron emission tomography","volume":"28","author":"Raffel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.5.516","article-title":"Evaluation of sympathetic nerve terminals with [11C]epinephrine and [11C]hydroxyephedrine and positron emission tomography","volume":"101","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.042","article-title":"Nuclear Imaging of the Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System: A Disease-Specific Interpretation in Heart Failure","volume":"13","author":"Zelt","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-014-9854-z","article-title":"Impact of a predefined mediastinal ROI on inter-observer variability of planar 123I-MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratio","volume":"21","author":"Verschure","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2461-4","article-title":"Observer reproducibility of results from a low-dose 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac imaging protocol in patients with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-1183-6","article-title":"Reliability of the 123I-mIBG heart\/mediastinum ratio: Results of a multicenter test\u2013retest reproducibility study","volume":"26","author":"Bateman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.014","article-title":"Myocardial iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine imaging and cardiac events in heart failure. Results of the prospective ADMIRE-HF (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) study","volume":"55","author":"Jacobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.1.57","article-title":"Myocardial presynaptic and postsynaptic autonomic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"82","author":"Dutka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.67.2.155","article-title":"Long-term course and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Shimizu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2016.52.3.145","article-title":"(123)I-Meta-iodobenzylguanidine Sympathetic Imaging: Standardization and Application to Neurological Diseases","volume":"52","author":"Nakajima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chonnam Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1491-4","article-title":"Proposal for standardization of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) cardiac sympathetic imaging by the EANM Cardiovascular Committee and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology","volume":"37","author":"Flotats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-0976-x","article-title":"How to use myocardial 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in chronic heart failure","volume":"36","author":"Agostini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2009.07.014","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic imaging with mIBG in heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Cowie","year":"2010","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"211","article-title":"Efficacy of thyroid blockade on thyroid radioiodine uptake in 123I-mIBG imaging","volume":"55","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0639-3","article-title":"I-123-mIBG myocardial imaging for assessment of risk for a major cardiac event in heart failure patients: Insights from a retrospective European multicenter study","volume":"35","author":"Agostini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"251","article-title":"Optimized acquisition and processing protocols for I-123 cardiac SPECT imaging","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"941","article-title":"Single photon-emission computed tomography","volume":"17","author":"Holly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet258","article-title":"Assessment of myocardial adrenergic innervation with a solid-state dedicated cardiac cadmium-zinc-telluride camera: First clinical experience","volume":"15","author":"Gimelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000238","article-title":"\u00b9\u00b2\u00b3I-MIBG heart-to-mediastinum ratio is influenced by high-energy photon penetration of collimator septa from liver and lung activity","volume":"36","author":"Verschure","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"970","article-title":"Multicenter cross-calibration of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine heart-to-mediastinum ratios to overcome camera-collimator variations","volume":"21","author":"Nakajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1191","article-title":"A European myocardial (123)I-mIBG cross-calibration phantom study","volume":"25","author":"Verschure","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2010.10.005","article-title":"Iodine-123 mIBG Imaging for Predicting the Development of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"4","author":"Akutsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3.679","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity can detect congestive heart failure sensitively in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"126","author":"Hiasa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"256","article-title":"Assessment of late anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity by (123)I-mIBG cardiac scintigraphy in patients treated during childhood and adolescence","volume":"24","author":"Verberne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm048","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodelling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy on the treatment containing carvedilol","volume":"28","author":"Kasama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol on myocardial sympathetic innervation in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Rouzet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.76.3.218","article-title":"Increased myocardial [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake after enalapril treatment in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Somsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1786-z","article-title":"Effects of perindopril on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with congestive heart failure: Comparison with enalapril","volume":"32","author":"Kasama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"471","article-title":"Prognostic value of cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging in patients with heart failure","volume":"33","author":"Merlet","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"579","article-title":"Cardiac death prediction and impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation assessed by MIBG in patients with failing and nonfailing hearts","volume":"5","author":"Nakata","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00608-1","article-title":"Cardiac metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in patients with moderate chronic heart failure: Relationship with peak oxygen uptake and prognosis","volume":"33","author":"Esanu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Assessment of underlying etiology and cardiac sympathetic innervation to identify patients at high risk of cardiac death","volume":"42","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Prognostic usefulness of planar (123)I-MIBG scintigraphic images of myocardial sympathetic innervation in congestive heart failure: Follow-Up data from ADMIRE-HF","volume":"28","author":"Agostini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu044","article-title":"For what endpoint does myocardial 123I-MIBG scintigraphy have the greatest prognostic value in patients with chronic heart failure? Results of a pooled individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Verschure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.02.007","article-title":"A pooled analysis of multicenter cohort studies of (123)I-mIBG imaging of sympathetic innervation for assessment of long-term prognosis in heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Nakata","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hft050","article-title":"EURObservational Research Programme: Regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot)","volume":"15","author":"Maggioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474","article-title":"Prophylactic Implantation of a Defibrillator in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"346","author":"Moss","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2476","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study","volume":"21","author":"Connolly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043399","article-title":"Amiodarone or an Implantable Cardioverter\u2013Defibrillator for Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"352","author":"Bardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000150390.04704.B7","article-title":"Long-term clinical course of patients after termination of ventricular tachyarrhythmia by an implanted defibrillator","volume":"110","author":"Moss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"I103","article-title":"Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"82","author":"Podrid","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.915","article-title":"Slow conduction in the infarcted human heart. \u2018Zigzag\u2019 course of activation","volume":"88","author":"Janse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.4.1095","article-title":"Influence of myocardial ischemia and infarction on autonomic innervation of heart","volume":"82","author":"Zipes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302321","article-title":"Cardiac iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging predicts ventricular arrhythmia in heart failure patients receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention","volume":"98","author":"Marshall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.12.066","article-title":"Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation Assessed With 123-Iodine Metaiodobenzylguanidine Imaging Predicts Ventricular Arrhythmias in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Patients","volume":"55","author":"Boogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-0913-0","article-title":"Prediction of sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure by regional washout rate in cardiac MIBG SPECT imaging","volume":"26","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.096","article-title":"Regional myocardial sympathetic denervation predicts the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"63","author":"Fallavollita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"680","article-title":"Prediction of appropriate ICD therapy in patients with ischemic heart failure","volume":"29","author":"Sazonova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.08.003","article-title":"Cardiac 123I-mIBG scintigraphy is associated with freedom of appropriate ICD therapy in stable chronic heart failure patients","volume":"248","author":"Verschure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"377","article-title":"Assessment of (123)I-mIBG and (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomographic images for the prediction of arrhythmic events in patients with ischemic heart failure: Intermediate severity innervation defects are associated with higher arrhythmic risk","volume":"24","author":"Travin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verschure, D.O., Poel, E., Travin, M.I., Henzlova, M.J., Jain, D., Jacobson, A.F., and Verberne, H.J. (2021). A simplified wall-based model for regional innervation\/perfusion mismatch assessed by cardiac 123I-mIBG and rest 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT to predict arrhythmic events in ischaemic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, jeab132.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa356.352"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Role of cardiac (123)I-mIBG imaging in predicting arrhythmic events in stable chronic heart failure patients with an ICD","volume":"6","author":"Frantellizzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"190","article-title":"Machine learning-based risk model using (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine to differentially predict modes of cardiac death in heart failure","volume":"29","author":"Nakajima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-016-0234-5","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Iodine-123 Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Imaging for Screening Heart Failure Patients Eligible for an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in the USA","volume":"14","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab364","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: Developed by the Task Force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)","volume":"42","author":"Glikson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-013-9400-0","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic innervation and cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"19","author":"Scholtens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"283","article-title":"Prognostic effect and modulation of cardiac sympathetic function in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa045","article-title":"The relation between cardiac 123I-mIBG scintigraphy and functional response 1 year after CRT implantation","volume":"22","author":"Verschure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs337","article-title":"Predicting survival in heart failure: A risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies","volume":"34","author":"Pocock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584102","article-title":"The Seattle Heart Failure Model: Prediction of survival in heart failure","volume":"113","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/ejhf.32","article-title":"Predicting survival in heart failure: Validation of the MAGGIC heart failure risk score in 51,043 patients from the Swedish heart failure registry","volume":"16","author":"Sartipy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.963462","article-title":"Factors related to morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure with systolic dysfunction: The HF-ACTION predictive risk score model","volume":"5","author":"Whellan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2084","article-title":"JCS 2017\/JHFS 2017 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure\u2014Digest Version","volume":"83","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2759-x","article-title":"A prediction model for 5-year cardiac mortality in patients with chronic heart failure using (1)(2)(3)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging","volume":"41","author":"Nakajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev322","article-title":"Creation of mortality risk charts using 123I meta-iodobenzylguanidine heart-to-mediastinum ratio in patients with heart failure: 2- and 5-year risk models","volume":"17","author":"Nakajima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.11.040","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy--the current state of knowledge","volume":"142","author":"Mikhailidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.111591","article-title":"High levels of circulating epinephrine trigger apical cardiodepression in a \u03b22-adrenergic receptor\/Gi-dependent manner: A new model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy","volume":"126","author":"Paur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1066","article-title":"Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy--a novel pathophysiological hypothesis to explain catecholamine-induced acute myocardial stunning","volume":"5","author":"Lyon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"321","article-title":"Persisting myocardial sympathetic dysfunction in takotsubo cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Verberne","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-011-3445-4","article-title":"Scintigraphic imaging in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy","volume":"35","author":"Akashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1965.tb01753.x","article-title":"The uptake of catechol amines at high perfusion concentrations in the rat isolated heart: A novel catechol amine uptake process","volume":"25","author":"Iversen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-019-01359-4","article-title":"Importance of sympathetic nervous system activity during left ventricular functional recovery and its association with in-hospital complications in Takotsubo syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Matsuura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1121","article-title":"123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in patients with \u201ctakotsubo\u201d cardiomyopathy","volume":"45","author":"Akashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.65.349","article-title":"Emotional stress-induced \u2018ampulla cardiomyopathy\u2019: Discrepancy between the metabolic and sympathetic innervation imaging performed during the recovery course","volume":"65","author":"Owa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"730","article-title":"Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy: How to understand possible pathophysiological mechanism and the role of (123)I-MIBG imaging","volume":"21","author":"Verschure","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"1011","article-title":"(1)(2)(3)I-MIBG Imaging for Prediction of Mortality and Potentially Fatal Events in Heart Failure: The ADMIRE-HFX Study","volume":"56","author":"Narula","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/6\/656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:18:23Z","timestamp":1760138303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/6\/656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph15060656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15060656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]}}}