{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:55:03Z","timestamp":1785412503563,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a unique clinical mental abnormality presenting a cluster of symptoms in which patients primarily experience flashbacks, nightmares and uncontrollable thoughts about the event that triggered their PTSD. Patients with PTSD may also have comorbid depression and anxiety in an intractable and long-term course, which makes establishing a comprehensive treatment plan difficult and complicated. The present article reviews current pharmacological manipulations for adjusting abnormal fear memory. The roles of the central monoaminergic systems (including serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) within the fear circuit areas and the involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are explored based on attempts to integrate current clinical and preclinical basic studies. In this review, we explain how these therapeutic paradigms function based on their connections to stages of the abnormal fear memory process from condition to extinction. This may provide useful translational interpretations for clinicians to manage PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacological Implications of Adjusting Abnormal Fear Memory: Towards the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chen-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3250-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yia-Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2307\/800744","article-title":"PTSD in DSM-III: A Case in the Politics of Diagnosis and Disease","volume":"37","author":"Scott","year":"1990","journal-title":"Soc. 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