{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1794030195287,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005278","name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica from Vicerrector\u00eda de Extensi\u00f3n at the Universidad de Antioquia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIQF-284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIQF-284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tech Innovation Group","award":["CIQF-284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIQF-284"]}]},{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Minister","award":["CIQF-284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIQF-284"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion stings are a public health event in Colombia lacking official epidemiological data, and are considered a medical emergency. Despite the two local producers of antivenoms, neither of them is currently manufacturing scorpion antivenoms. We present the characterization of a lab-scale process to produce the first specific scorpion antivenom for Colombia, formulated to cover scorpion stings produced by Tityus pachyurus, Tityus asthenes, Tityus fuhrmanii, Centruroides spp. To do so, rabbits were immunized by subcutaneous injection with each venom using an immunization program of 3 months. After each rabbit reached the required IgG concentration, rabbits were bled, and plasma was separated by decantation under refrigeration. Immunoglobulins were purified from each hyperimmune plasma using a methodology including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, thermocoagulation, and purification through an ultrafiltration process using a ready-to-use and reusable laboratory crossflow tangential cassette with a polyethersulfone membrane. Each hyperimmune plasma was processed by being separated and freeze-dried at the end of the process. Rabbits were able to produce specific IgG antibodies recognizing the respective immunization venom; even an in vitro interspecies cross-recognition was detected. The separation and purification processes allowed us to obtain IgG products without considerable contaminants (except for albumin). The process was characterized, and critical stages were identified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of a Lab-Scale Process to Produce Whole IgG Antivenom Covering Scorpion Stings by Genus Tityus and Centruroides of Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Estrada-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Terapeuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Tech Life Saving (TLS), Tech Innovation Group Company, Medellin 050022, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7956-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitelbina","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Terapeuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Escuela de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leidy Johana","family":"Vargas-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Terapeuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Tech Life Saving (TLS), Tech Innovation Group Company, Medellin 050022, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellin 050012, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Madrid-Bracamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tech Life Saving (TLS), Tech Innovation Group Company, Medellin 050022, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina Maria","family":"Preciado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Toxinolog\u00eda y Alternativas Terapeuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Tech Life Saving (TLS), Tech Innovation Group Company, Medellin 050022, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018). 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