{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:55Z","timestamp":1787029255878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Fondo Sectorial de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud y Seguridad Social SSA\/IMSS\/ISSSTE-CONACYT, M\u00e9xico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["179746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arabinoxylans (AX) microcapsules loaded with insulin were prepared by enzymatic gelation of AX, using a triaxial electrospray method. The microcapsules presented a spherical shape, with an average size of 250 \u00b5m. The behavior of AX microcapsules was evaluated using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. AX microcapsules were mainly (70%) degraded in the ascending colon. The fermentation was completed in the descending colon, increasing the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. In the three regions of the colon, the fermentation of AX microcapsules significantly increased populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased the population of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the results found in this in vitro model showed that the AX microcapsules could resist the simulated conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system and be a carrier for insulin delivery to the colon. The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded AX microcapsules was evaluated after oral delivery in diabetic rats. AX microcapsules lowered the serum glucose levels in diabetic rats by 75%, with insulin doses of 25 and 50 IU\/kg. The hypoglycemic effect and the insulin levels remained for more than 48 h. Oral relative bioavailability was 13 and 8.7% for the 25 and 50 IU\/kg doses, respectively. These results indicate that AX microcapsules are a promising microbiota-activated system for oral insulin delivery in the colon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Arabinoxylans-Based Oral Insulin Delivery System Targeting the Colon: Simulation in a Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem and Evaluation in Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"},{"name":"NANO-VAC Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Carvajal-Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Canett-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Blvd. Luis D. Colosio, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satya","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Artificial Cell and Organs Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2759-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Rasc\u00f3n-Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. 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Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5193-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Micard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montpellier SupAgro-INRA-UM-CIRAD, JRU IATE, 2, Place Pierre Viala, CEDEX 01, 34060 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.144","article-title":"An Overview of Oral Insulin Delivery Strategies (OIDS)","volume":"208","author":"Iyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. 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