{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:20:42Z","timestamp":1791404442856,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il\u2014Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-21081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-21081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria that continues to be a serious health problem. We reported the in-vitro activity of Saudi Sumra honey against clinical pathogenic bacteria and fungi, antibiofilm, anti-quorum-sensing (QS) and antioxidant activities in relation to its phytochemical composition assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Broth dilution method and scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2\u2032-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and \u03b2-carotene bleaching assays were performed. The GC-MS analysis of Sumra honey showed that 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one 1-methylcyclopropanemethanol were the major identified phytoconstituents. Sumra honey showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at 300 mg\/mL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250 mg\/mL), Escherichia coli (350 mg\/mL) and Acinetobacter baumannii (250 mg\/mL); clinical fungal isolates\u2014Candida auris (600 mg\/mL) and Cryptococcus neoformans (&gt;1000 mg\/mL); wild type fungal isolates\u2014Candida krusei (&gt;1000 mg\/mL) and Candida albicans (700 mg\/mL). In addition, Sumra honey demonstrated promising inhibition targeting biofilm formation by 59% for Bacillus subtilis, 48% for S. aureus, 38% for E. coli, and 33.63% for P. aeruginosa. The violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum was reduced to 68%, whereas pyocyanin production in P. aeruginosa was reduced to 54.86% at \u00bd MIC. Furthermore, Sumra honey exhibited strong antioxidant activities (DPPH \u2212 IC50 = 7.7 mg\/mL; ABTS \u2212 IC50 = 5.4 mg\/mL; \u03b2-carotene \u2212 IC50 = &gt;20 mg\/mL). Overall, obtained data highlighted the promising potential therapeutic use of Sumra honey treating infections caused by MDR bacteria and fungi. Moreover, Sumra honey can be a good candidate as an inhibitor agent for bacterial cellular communication in strains of P. aeruginosa and C. violaceum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"1212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Antimicrobial Effects of Saudi Sumra Honey against Drug Resistant Pathogens: Phytochemical Analysis, Antibiofilm, Anti-Quorum Sensing, and Antioxidant Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman S.","family":"Bazaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdu","family":"Aldarhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Qunfudah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah 21961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitesh","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd","family":"Adnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assia","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Development of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mejdi","family":"Snoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Haddad, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-0313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Qanash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha\u2019il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Qunfudah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah 21961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Khalil","family":"Monjed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiah Mustafa","family":"Khateb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. 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