{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T14:53:29Z","timestamp":1781967209824,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1001\/CIPPT\/8070019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPT\/8070019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO0060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of new antibiotics is urgently needed to combat the threat of bacterial resistance. New classes of compounds that have novel properties are urgently needed for the development of effective antimicrobial agents. The extract of Cannabis sativa L. has been used to treat multiple ailments since ancient times. Its bioactivity is largely attributed to the cannabinoids found in its plant. Researchers are currently searching for new anti-infective agents that can treat various infections. Although its phytocannabinoid ingredients have a wide range of medical benefits beyond the treatment of infections, they are primarily associated to psychotropic effects. Different cannabinoids have been demonstrated to be helpful against harmful bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, combination therapy involving the use of different antibiotics has shown synergism and broad-spectrum activity. The purpose of this review is to gather current data on the actions of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) extracts and its primary constituents such as terpenes and cannabinoids towards pathogens in order to determine their antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic effects together with current challenges and future perspectives in biomedical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Cannabinoids: An Updated Review with Future Perspectives and Current Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5030-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansab Ali","family":"Saleemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noorfatimah","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Nadhirah Mohamad","family":"Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-0617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muggundha","family":"Raoov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoke Keong","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaya, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Shahfiza","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vuanghao","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1403","article-title":"A review on antibiotic resistance: Alarm bells are ringing","volume":"9","author":"Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0141-x","article-title":"Drug combinations: A strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"Tyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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