{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1791606228724,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey and propolis have recently become the key target of attention for treating certain diseases and promoting overall health and well-being. A high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids found in both honey and propolis contributes to the antioxidant properties to scavenge free radicals. Honey and propolis also exhibited antibacterial effects where they act in two ways, namely the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acids following the enzymatic activities of glucose oxidase, which exerts oxidative damage on the bacteria. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of honey and propolis are mainly by reducing proinflammatory factors such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1). Their effects on pain were discovered through modulation at a peripheral nociceptive neuron or binding to an opioid receptor in the higher center. The aforementioned properties of honey have been reported to possess potential therapeutic topical application on the exterior parts of the eyes, particularly in treating conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, and corneal injury. In contrast, most of the medicinal values of propolis are beneficial in the internal ocular area, such as the retina, optic nerve, and uvea. This review aims to update the current discoveries of honey and propolis in treating various ocular diseases, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-nociceptive properties. In conclusion, research has shown that propolis and honey have considerable therapeutic promise for treating various eye illnesses, although the present study designs are primarily animal and in vitro studies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to translate this finding into a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:29:50Z","timestamp":1668742190000},"page":"1419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Honey and Propolis on Ocular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhashima","family":"Abd Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya 47301, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Nur Farhana","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syarifah Aisyah","family":"Syed Abd Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norzana Abd","family":"Ghafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahdia Afiifah","family":"Abdul Jalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Novel Insights into the Health Importance of Natural Honey","volume":"22","author":"Ajibola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.09.051","article-title":"Honey: Chemical composition, stability and authenticity","volume":"196","author":"Gauche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.60206","article-title":"Antifungal Properties of Malaysian Tualang Honey and Stingless Bee Propolis against Candida Albicans and Cryptococcus Neoformans","volume":"6","author":"Shehu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przyby\u0142ek, I., and Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2019). Antibacterial Properties of Propolis. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112047"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulhendri, F., Chandrasekaran, K., Kowacz, M., Ravalia, M., Kripal, K., Fearnley, J., and Perera, C. (2021). Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis: A Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061360"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259510","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1259510","article-title":"Honey, Propolis, and Royal Jelly: A Comprehensive Review of Their Biological Actions and Health Benefits","volume":"2017","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1246","article-title":"Polygonum minus essential oil modulates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity through inflammatory and apoptotic pathways","volume":"19","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2019-4809-19","article-title":"Preventive Effects of Polygonum minus Essential Oil on Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"48","author":"Rashid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112328","article-title":"The role of natural antioxidants in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"144","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.258999","article-title":"Polygonum minus ethanolic extracts attenuate cisplatin\u2013induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex of rats via its antioxidant properties","volume":"9","author":"Hussan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"105","article-title":"Management of traumatic corneal abrasion by a sample of practicing ophthalmologists in Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Alfawaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrientez, B., Nicholas, S.E., Whelchel, A., Sharif, R., Hjortdal, J., and Karamichos, D. (2019). Corneal injury: Clinical and molecular aspects. Exp. Eye Res., 186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107709"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700311","article-title":"Ocular Symptoms and Signs with Preserved and Preservative-Free Glaucoma Medications","volume":"17","author":"Jaenen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2008.0098","article-title":"Comparative Toxicity of Preservatives on Immortalized Corneal and Conjunctival Epithelial Cells","volume":"25","author":"Epstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.03.001","article-title":"Preservatives in eyedrops: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"29","author":"Baudouin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111740","article-title":"Fighting eye diseases with Brazilian Green Propolis","volume":"140","author":"Scorza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, S.S., ElAbrak, E.S., Aly, M.A., and Ali, E.M. (2019). Oculohypotensive effects of various acetozolamide nanopreparations for topical treatment of animal model-induced glaucoma and their impact on optic nerve. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212588"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1705493","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effect of Brazilian Green Propolis on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Ischemic Mouse Retina","volume":"45","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8367846","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8367846","article-title":"Honey as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Its Molecular Mechanisms of Action","volume":"2018","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00193-5","article-title":"Antioxidative activities of some commercially honeys, royal jelly, and propolis","volume":"75","author":"Nagai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2019.1686573","article-title":"Polyphenols in Brazilian organic honey and their scavenging capacity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"59","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Apic. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"388","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Whole Honey and Phenolic Extract on Oxidative DNA Damage in Mice Lymphocytes Using Comet Assay","volume":"72","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Veg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127229","article-title":"A current perspective on hydrogen peroxide production in honey. A review","volume":"332","author":"Brudzynski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1563689","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evidence for the involvement of Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by particulate matter (PM10): The effective role of gallic acid","volume":"53","author":"Radan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14513-1","article-title":"Gallic acid suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating Nrf2-HO-1-NF-\u03baB signaling pathways in elastase-induced emphysema in rats","volume":"28","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13593","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13593","article-title":"Chrysin protects against testicular toxicity caused by lead acetate in rats with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties","volume":"45","author":"Ileriturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-012-0913-4","article-title":"Protection by chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin against oxidative stress is mediated by the Nrf2-dependent up-regulation of heme oxygenase 1 and glutamate cysteine ligase in rat primary hepatocytes","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e13950","article-title":"Functionality of apigenin as a potent antioxidant with emphasis on bioavailability, metabolism, action mechanism and in vitro and in vivo studies: A review","volume":"46","author":"Kashyap","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21928","article-title":"Apigenin inhibits isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis and Smad pathway in mice by regulating oxidative stress and miR-122-5p\/155-5p expressions","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"228","article-title":"Wound Healing and Antimicrobial Effects of Chitosan-hydrogel\/Honey Compounds in a Rat Full-thickness Wound Model","volume":"31","author":"Movaffagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12749","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-dependent antibacterial action of Melilotus albus honey","volume":"65","author":"Sowa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.017","article-title":"The antibacterial activities of honey","volume":"28","author":"Almasaudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74937-6","article-title":"Use of a model to understand the synergies underlying the antibacterial mechanism of H2O2-producing honeys","volume":"10","author":"Masoura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5146.1000132","article-title":"Honey and its Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Oxidant Properties","volume":"2","author":"Vallianou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, V.C., Harrison, J., and Cox, J.A. (2019). Dissecting the antimicrobial composition of honey. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040251"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1992","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Ferulic Acid Against Cronobacter sakazakii and Possible Mechanism of Action","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.075","article-title":"Manuka honey (Leptospermum scopariu) inhibits jack bean urease activity due to methylglyoxal and dihydroxyacetone","volume":"230","author":"Klemm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00213","article-title":"Re-Examining the Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Activities of Honey","volume":"2","author":"Brudzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Queiroz Pimentel, R.B., da Costa, C.A., Albuquerque, P.M., and Junior, S.D. (2013). Antimicrobial activity and rutin identification of honey produced by the stingless bee Melipona compressipes manaosensis and commercial honey. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-151"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"115","article-title":"Review of the Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Defensin in Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.","volume":"56","author":"Ilyasov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Apic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000227","article-title":"Antibiofilm efficacy of honey and bee-derived defensin-1 on multispecies wound biofilm","volume":"65","author":"Sojka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379850","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/379850","article-title":"Pinocembrin: A Novel Natural Compound with Versatile Pharmacological and Biological Activities","volume":"2013","author":"Rasul","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1641805","article-title":"In vitro anti-proliferative and anti-bacterial properties of new C7 benzoate derivatives of pinocembrin","volume":"35","author":"Cappello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000481658","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Galangin and Its Effects on Murein Hydrolases of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) Strain Mu50","volume":"63","author":"Ouyang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeyemi, O.S., Ebugosi, C., Akpor, O.B., Hetta, H.F., Al-Rashed, S., Otohinoyi, D.A., Rotimi, D., Owolabi, A., Evbuomwan, I.O., and Batiha, G.E.-S. (2020). Quercetin Caused Redox Homeostasis Imbalance and Activated the Kynurenine Pathway (Running Title: Quercetin Caused Oxidative Stress). Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9080219"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"7010467","article-title":"A Review on Flavonoid Apigenin: Dietary Intake, ADME, Antimicrobial Effects, and Interactions with Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"2019","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175851","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/175851","article-title":"Antibacterial Attributes of Apigenin, Isolated from Portulaca oleracea L.","volume":"2014","author":"Nayaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00053","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Membrane-Active Flavone Amphiphiles: Semisynthetic Kaempferol-Derived Antimicrobials against Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"63","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.07.093","article-title":"p-Coumaric acid inhibits the Listeria monocytogenes RecA protein functions and SOS response: An antimicrobial target","volume":"517","author":"Ojha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0244","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Ferulic and Gallic Acids Against Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, W., Lowen, N., and Blake, D.J. (2019). Caffeic Acid Esters Are Effective Bactericidal Compounds Against Paenibacillus larvae by Altering Intracellular Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080312"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky079","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of ellagic acid against Helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice","volume":"73","author":"De","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2020.e6","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Hovenia (Hovenia dulcis) Monofloral Honey Produced in South Korea","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08771-8","article-title":"Honey-based hydrogel: In vitro and comparative In vivo evaluation for burn wound healing","volume":"7","author":"Amer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3606","article-title":"Honey Prophylaxis Reduces the Risk of Endophthalmitis During Perioperative Period of Eye Surgery","volume":"26","author":"Cernak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, V.C., Harrison, J., Wright, J.E.E., and Cox, J.A.G. (2020). Clinical Significance of Manuka and Medical-Grade Honey for Antibiotic-Resistant Infections: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110766"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1159\/000452116","article-title":"Honey: A Natural Remedy for Eye Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Majtanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Complement. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, H.K.R., Tatavilis, N., Posp\u00ed\u0161ilov\u00e1, I., Ku\u010derov\u00e1, J., and Cremers, N.A.J. (2020). Medical-Grade Honey Kills Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Prevents Amputation in Diabetics with Infected Ulcers: A Prospective Case Series. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090529"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M.B., Kamel, Y.M., Ullah, Z., Jiman-Fatani, A.A.M., and Ahmad, A.S. (2019). In vitro evaluation of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility to Saudi honeys. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2603-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7686130","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7686130","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Honey against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Laboratory-Based Experimental Study","volume":"2019","author":"Mama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54576-2","article-title":"Honey can inhibit and eliminate biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks071","article-title":"Synergy between oxacillin and manuka honey sensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin","volume":"67","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0303-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: How are they interlinked?","volume":"23","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2017019712","article-title":"Role of Interleukin-6 in Development of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Rehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.09.001","article-title":"Drugs\u2014Do we need them? Applications of non-pharmaceutical therapy in anterior eye disease: A review","volume":"40","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamaruzzaman, M.A., Chin, K.-Y., and Ramli, E.S.M. (2019). A Review of Potential Beneficial Effects of Honey on Bone Health. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8543618"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03170-5","article-title":"Honey and its nutritional and anti-inflammatory value","volume":"21","author":"Ranneh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"888","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin and galangin in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis animal models","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Espinosa, J.J., Salda\u00f1a-R\u00edos, J., Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez, S., Villalobos-Molina, R., \u00c1vila-Villarreal, G., Rodr\u00edguez-Ocampo, A.N., Bernal-Fern\u00e1ndez, G., and Estrada-Soto, S. (2017). Chrysin Induces Antidiabetic, Antidyslipidemic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Athymic Nude Diabetic Mice. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010067"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahfoufi, N., Alsadi, N., Jambi, M., and Matar, C. (2018). The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111618"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2020-4906-09","article-title":"Trihoney Suppresses Soluble Adhesion Molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerotic Rabbits: A Comparative Study with Atorvastatin","volume":"49","author":"Alfarisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2020.07.015","article-title":"Harvested locations influence the total phenolic content, antioxidant levels, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities of stingless bee honey","volume":"23","author":"Badrulhisham","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asia-Pac. \u00c8ntomol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.001","article-title":"Protective effects of Manuka honey on LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Part 2: Control of oxidative stress induced damage, increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and attenuation of inflammation","volume":"120","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L.-P., Shi, F.-F., Zhang, W.-W., Zhang, Z.-H., and Wang, K. (2020). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Honey Extract. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081039"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413917","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5413917","article-title":"Manuka Honey Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities That Promote Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats","volume":"2017","author":"Almasaudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-014-2297-6","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of honey","volume":"239","author":"Hadagali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109636","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/109636","article-title":"Gelam Honey Inhibits the Production of Proinflammatory, Mediators NO, PGE2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 in Carrageenan-Induced Acute Paw Edema in Rats","volume":"2012","author":"Hussein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, S.Z., Mohd Yusoff, K., Makpol, S., and Mohd Yusof, Y.A. (2013). Gelam Honey Attenuates Carrageenan-Induced Rat Paw Inflammation via NF-\u03baB Pathway. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072365"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yam, M.F., Loh, Y.C., Tan, C.S., Adam, S.K., Manan, N.A., and Basir, R. (2018). General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082164"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"47","article-title":"Investigation of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effect of Yemeni Sidr honey","volume":"80","author":"Alzubier","year":"2011","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113482693","article-title":"Analgesic effects of mad honey (grayanotoxin) in mice models of acute pain and painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"33","author":"Gunduz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18635","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA01924J","article-title":"Mad honey: Uses, intoxicating\/poisoning effects, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.139115","article-title":"The Antinociceptive Effects of Tualang Honey in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats: A Preliminary Study","volume":"4","author":"Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5606\/kbbihtisas.2015.00008","article-title":"The effectiveness of Tualang honey in reducing post-tonsillectomy pain","volume":"25","author":"Abdullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ear Nose Throat"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v8i3.65285","article-title":"Neuropharmacological effects of Nigerian honey in mice","volume":"8","author":"Akanmu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2021.01.001","article-title":"Honey reverses disease progression, has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of knee osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate","volume":"36","author":"Owoyele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.10.018","article-title":"Mad honey intoxication: A systematic review on the 1199 cases","volume":"86","author":"Silici","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829070","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/829070","article-title":"Honey as a Potential Natural Anticancer Agent: A Review of Its Mechanisms","volume":"2013","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.07.024","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of Gelam honey and its extracts on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in inflammatory tissues","volume":"81","author":"Kassim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13730","article-title":"Identification of Free Radical Scavengers from Brazilian Green Propolis Using Off-Line HPLC-DPPH Assay and LC-MS","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3293","article-title":"Oral administration of Aloe vera and honey reduces walker tumour growth by decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis in tumour tissue","volume":"25","author":"Tomasin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160uran, J., Cepanec, I., Ma\u0161ek, T., Radi\u0107, B., Radi\u0107, S., Gajger, I.T., and Vlaini\u0107, J. (2021). Propolis extract and its bioactive compounds\u2014From traditional to modern extraction technologies. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102930"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12031888","article-title":"Differential Responses to Blood Pressure and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar-Kyoto Rats and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effects of Antioxidant (Honey) Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Erejuwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-82","article-title":"The effects of tualang honey on femalereproductive organs, tibia bone and hormonalprofile in ovariectomised rats\u2014Animal model formenopause","volume":"10","author":"Zaid","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.12.069","article-title":"Potential role of propolis in wound healing: Biological properties and therapeutic activities","volume":"98","author":"Oryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7118","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20187118","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis obtained from Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca angustula stingless bees","volume":"51","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110435","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera L. and Trigona sp. propolis from Nepal and its phytochemical analysis","volume":"129","author":"Paluch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7602343","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7602343","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity against Streptococcus mutans of Individual and Mixtures of the Main Polyphenolic Compounds Found in Chilean Propolis","volume":"2019","author":"Veloz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013000200038","article-title":"Chemical and botanical characterization of Chilean propolis and biological activity on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus","volume":"44","author":"Barrientos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devequi-Nunes, D., Machado, B.A.S., de Abreu Barreto, G., Rebou\u00e7as Silva, J., Da Silva, D.F., Da Rocha, J.L.C., Brand\u00e3o, H.N., Borges, V.M., and Umsza-Guez, M.A. (2018). Chemical characterization and biological activity of six different extracts of propolis through conventional methods and supercritical extraction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207676"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa9a84","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect of hydroxyapatite containing Brazilian propolis","volume":"13","author":"Scatolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14633","article-title":"Phenolic composition and biological activities of geographically different type of propolis and black cottonwood resins against oral streptococci, vaginal microbiota and phytopathogenic Fusarium species","volume":"129","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.02.078","article-title":"Development of propolis nanoemulsion with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for use as a potential natural preservative","volume":"287","author":"Seibert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristivojevi\u0107, P., Dimki\u0107, I., Trifkovi\u0107, J., Beri\u0107, T., Vovk, I., Milojkovi\u0107-Opsenica, D., and Stankovi\u0107, S. (2016). Antimicrobial Activity of Serbian Propolis Evaluated by Means of MIC, HPTLC, Bioautography and Chemometrics. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157097"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319240","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/319240","article-title":"Antifungal and Antibacterial Metabolites from a French Poplar Type Propolis","volume":"2015","author":"Boisard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12906","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and chemometric modelling of South African propolis","volume":"119","author":"Suleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1021\/jf305468f","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Neovestitol and Vestitol Isolated from Brazilian Red Propolis","volume":"61","author":"Alencar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.01.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of propolis from Melipona orbignyi (Hymenoptera, Apidae)","volume":"65","author":"Campos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-158","article-title":"Omani propolis: Chemical profiling, antibacterial activity and new propolis plant sources","volume":"7","author":"Popova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Calder\u00f3n, M.C., Navarro-P\u00e9rez, M.L., Blanco-Roca, M.T., G\u00f3mez-Navia, C., P\u00e9rez-Giraldo, C., and Vadillo-Rodr\u00edguez, V. (2020). Chemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of a Novel Spanish Propolis with New Polyphenols also Found in Olive Oil and High Amounts of Flavonoids. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153318"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.498776","article-title":"The effects of Brazilian and Bulgarian propolis in vitro against Salmonella Typhi and their synergism with antibiotics acting on the ribosome","volume":"26","author":"Orsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.06.004","article-title":"Propolis and its constituent caffeic acid suppress LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory response by blocking NF-\u03baB and MAPK activation in macrophages","volume":"149","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8797284","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8797284","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect of Arachic Acid Ethyl Ester Isolated from Propolis","volume":"2020","author":"Sokeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2019.07.003","article-title":"Brazilian propolis extract reduces intestinal barrier defects and inflammation in a colitic mouse model","volume":"69","author":"Shimizu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2012.657304","article-title":"Brazilian propolis inhibits the differentiation of Th17 cells by inhibition of interleukin-6-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3","volume":"34","author":"Okamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunopharm. Immunot."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429543","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5429543","article-title":"Potential Antinociceptive Effects of Chinese Propolis and Identification on Its Active Compounds","volume":"2018","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.07.022","article-title":"Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Brazilian red propolis extract and formononetin in rodents","volume":"173","author":"Cavendish","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.08.010","article-title":"TRP channels and analgesia","volume":"92","author":"Premkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.5778","article-title":"Epidemiology of Eye-Related Emergency Department Visits","volume":"134","author":"Channa","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001982","article-title":"Use of Topical Steroids in Conjunctivitis: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"38","author":"Holland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S28415","article-title":"The efficacy of stingless bee honey for the treatment of bacteria-induced conjunctivitis in guinea pigs","volume":"4","author":"Ilechie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287540","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/287540","article-title":"A Double Blind Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Honey Drop in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"2014","author":"Salehi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.12.013","article-title":"Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis","volume":"104","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2018.269","article-title":"Infectious Keratitis: Microbiological Review of 297 Cases","volume":"72","author":"Tena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12991","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus keratitis: An update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents","volume":"45","author":"Tsatsos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12126","article-title":"Mycotic keratitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S181997","article-title":"Treatment-Resistant Bacterial Keratitis: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"14","author":"Egrilmez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2019.04.001","article-title":"Interstitial keratitis diagnosis and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Gauthier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001110","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa and microbial keratitis","volume":"69","author":"Hilliam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valot, B., Guyeux, C., Rolland, J.Y., Mazouzi, K., Bertrand, X., and Hocquet, D. (2015). What It Takes to Be a Pseudomonas aeruginosa? The Core Genome of the Opportunistic Pathogen Updated. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126468"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1039","article-title":"A dynamic and intricate regulatory network determines Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence","volume":"41","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R90","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-10-r90","article-title":"Genomic analysis reveals that Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence is combinatorial","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.118","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in microbial keratitis","volume":"29","author":"Taube","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180439c3e","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection and Inflammation During Contact Lens Wear: A Review","volume":"84","author":"Willcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"e4332","article-title":"Clinical and Antibacterial Effects of Tualang Honey on Pseudomonas-induced Keratitis in Rabbit Eyes","volume":"11","author":"Punitan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.544441","article-title":"The Use of Topical Honey in the Treatment of Corneal Abrasions and Endotoxin-Induced Keratitis in an Animal Model","volume":"36","author":"Uwaydat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2009.9706996","article-title":"Effect of Honey in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induced Stromal Keratitis in Rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Nejabat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.05.005","article-title":"Treatment of Blepharitis: Recent Clinical Trials","volume":"12","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.11.009","article-title":"Randomized masked trial of the clinical efficacy of MGO Manuka Honey microemulsion eye cream for the treatment of blepharitis","volume":"18","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Eberhardt, M., and Rammohan, G. (2021). Blepharitis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S110739","article-title":"A randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, comparative study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1% azithromycin\u20130.1% dexamethasone combination compared to 1% azithromycin alone, dexamethasone 0.1% alone, and vehicle in the treatment of subjects with blepharitis","volume":"10","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Fazal, M.I., and Patel, B.C. (2022). Blepharoconjunctivitis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000065","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2016-000065","article-title":"Preclinical development of MGO Manuka Honey microemulsion for blepharitis management","volume":"1","author":"Craig","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2016-000066","article-title":"Randomised masked trial of the clinical safety and tolerability of MGO Manuka Honey eye cream for the management of blepharitis","volume":"1","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2019.25","article-title":"Update on surgical management of corneal ulceration and perforation","volume":"63","author":"Stamate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Byrd, L.B., and Martin, N. (2021). Corneal Ulcer."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Domingo, E., Moshirfar, M., and Zabbo, C.P. (2021). Corneal Abrasion."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"107","article-title":"Proliferative Capacity of in Vitro Corneal Epithelium: Role of Acacia Honey in the Initial Step of Wound Healing","volume":"3","author":"Ghafar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-015-0053-9","article-title":"The effects of acacia honey on in vitro corneal abrasion wound healing model","volume":"16","author":"Ghafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70653","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19969","article-title":"Fibronectin in cell adhesion and migration via N-glycosylation","volume":"8","author":"Hsiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2015.05.004","article-title":"Corneal Abrasions and Corneal Foreign Bodies","volume":"42","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Care Clin. Off. Pract."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.07.002","article-title":"Progress in corneal wound healing","volume":"49","author":"Ljubimov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.09.015","article-title":"Corneal crystallins and the development of cellular transparency","volume":"19","author":"Jester","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acacia honey accelerates in vitro corneal ulcer wound healing model","volume":"16","author":"Ghafar","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42057","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42057","article-title":"Lumican Peptides: Rational Design Targeting ALK5\/TGFBRI","volume":"7","author":"Gesteira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"46","article-title":"Physicochemical and radical scavenging activities of honey samples from Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-43","article-title":"Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Malaysian honeys produced by Apis cerana, Apis dorsata and Apis mellifera","volume":"13","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusof, A.M., Ghafar, N.A., Kamarudin, T.A., Hui, C.K., and Yusof, Y.A.M. (2016). Gelam honey potentiates ex vivo corneal keratocytes proliferation with desirable phenotype expression. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1055-7"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"327","article-title":"The Potential of Gelam Honey in Promoting the Proliferative Phase of Corneal Reepithelization","volume":"29","author":"Azmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2017.10.001","article-title":"Treatment of contact lens related dry eye with antibacterial honey","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315160","article-title":"Effect of a formulated eye drop with Leptospermum spp honey on tear film properties","volume":"104","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imada, T., Nakamura, S., Kitamura, N., Shibuya, I., and Tsubota, K. (2014). Oral Administration of Royal Jelly Restores Tear Secretion Capacity in Rat Blink-Suppressed Dry Eye Model by Modulating Lacrimal Gland Function. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106338"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, S., Kawashima, M., Hisamura, R., Imada, T., Izuta, Y., Nakamura, S., Ito, M., and Tsubota, K. (2017). Clinical Evaluation of a Royal Jelly Supplementation for the Restoration of Dry Eye: A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study and an Experimental Mouse Model. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169069"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12524","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of topical antibacterial Manuka (Leptospermum species) honey for evaporative dry eye due to meibomian gland dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Albietz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5455\/ja.20160903114837","article-title":"Treatment of Rhinosinusitis and Dry Eye with an Antibacterial Honey Nasal Spray","volume":"1","author":"Perng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Apitherapy"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.01.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of honey on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"141","author":"Alandejani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3319","article-title":"Biofilms in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"825","article-title":"Tav\u015fanlarda Kornean\u0131n Subakut Alkali Yan\u0131klar\u0131nda Amniyotik Membran Transplantasyonu, Topikal Su Bazl\u0131 Propolis Ekstrakt\u0131, Kortikosteriod ve Antibiyoti\u011fin Farkl\u0131 Kombinasyonlarda Kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Etkinli\u011finin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131","volume":"25","author":"Bozkan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.2741\/4343","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 reverses glaucomatous lesions in rabbits","volume":"20","author":"Skulachev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"4863","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates nuclear factor-\u03baB-mediated inflammatory responses in M\u00fcller cells and protects against retinal ganglion cell death","volume":"19","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0736-4","article-title":"The effects of Nigella sativa oil, thymoquinone, propolis, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on radiation-induced cataract","volume":"128","author":"Demir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation and Umbilical Cord Serum in Acute Ocular Chemical Burns: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"168","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-017-9618-5","article-title":"Amniotic membrane in ophthalmology: Properties, preparation, storage and indications for grafting\u2014A review","volume":"18","author":"Jirsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.12.1623","article-title":"Use of equine amniotic membrane free-island grafts for treatment of a midstromal corneal ulcer and descemetocele in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia)","volume":"253","author":"Knollinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Veter Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"49","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and ultrastructural effects of Turkish propolis in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis","volume":"54","author":"Sever","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145342","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/145342","article-title":"Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Therapeutic Potentials","volume":"2014","author":"Murtaza","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.03.014","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester lessens disease symptoms in an experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis mouse model","volume":"134","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2116","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester reduces the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor through the inhibition of the ROS, PI3K and HIF-1\u03b1 signaling pathways in human retinal pigment epithelial cells under hypoxic conditions","volume":"35","author":"Paeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/11\/1419\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:02Z","timestamp":1760145602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/15\/11\/1419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":180,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ph15111419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15111419","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]}}}