{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:09:28Z","timestamp":1790809768258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The association between acne and insulin resistance has not been investigated as thoroughly in males as it has been in women, despite the fact that in adult men, acne prevalence has grown. On the face, sebaceous glands produce and secrete sebum, which lubricates the skin and protects it from friction. Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing medication, may modify the association between acne vulgaris and insulin resistance (IR). Individuals with IR, metabolic syndrome or with impaired glucose tolerance are sometimes treated \u2018off label\u2019 with Metformin. In these conditions, IR may be a leading factor in the pathogenesis of acne, and in men, Metformin treatment may reduce the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) score by enhancing insulin sensitivity. However, additional clinical studies are required to corroborate these assumptions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:35:43Z","timestamp":1672115743000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Insulin Resistance and Acne: The Role of Metformin as Alternative Therapy in Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Andreadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rojin","family":"Tajmir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Minasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Muscoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mollace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Della Morte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine\u2014Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St., Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bellia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Campione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Dermatology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Daniele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine\u2014Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2015.53047","article-title":"Original paper Insulin resistance in severe acne vulgaris","volume":"4","author":"Cengiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. 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