{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:19:59Z","timestamp":1792041599620,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein that exhibits a variety of properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer, that can be used to treat numerous diseases. Lung diseases continue to be the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Many of the therapies currently used to treat these diseases have limited efficacy or are associated with side effects. Therefore, there is a constant pursuit for new drugs and therapies, and LF is frequently considered a therapeutic agent and\/or adjunct to drug-based therapies for the treatment of lung diseases. This article focuses on a review of the existing and most up-to-date literature on the contribution of the beneficial effects of LF on the treatment of lung diseases, including asthma, viral infections, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer, among others. Although in vitro and in vivo studies indicate significant potency of LF in the treatment of the listed diseases, only in the case of respiratory tract infections do human studies seem to confirm them by demonstrating the effectiveness of LF in reducing episodes of illness and shortening the recovery period. For lung cancer, COVID-19 and sepsis, the reports are conflicting, and for other diseases, there is a paucity of human studies conclusively confirming the beneficial effects of LF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1675047277000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Potential of Lactoferrin in the Treatment of Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Jampolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7883-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wojciechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Sulejczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kryspin","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0910-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Zaj\u0105c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Forum of International Respiratory Societies (2021). The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease, European Respiratory Society. [3rd ed.]. Available online: Firsnet.Org\/Images\/Publications\/FIRS_Master_09202021.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and Attributable Health Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.01.014","article-title":"Global Impact of Respiratory Disease","volume":"161","author":"Levine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002981","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02981-2020","article-title":"The Clear and Persistent Impact of Air Pollution on Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Call for Interventions","volume":"57","author":"Forastiere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczy\u0144ska, K., Zaj\u0105c, D., Wojciechowski, P., and Jampolska, M. (2021). Regulatory Peptides in Asthma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413656"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.5.3572","article-title":"Activity of Abundant Antimicrobials of the Human Airway","volume":"20","author":"Travis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5372-0","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Lactoferrin: An Important Host Defence against Microbial and Viral Attack","volume":"62","author":"Valenti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukowska-O\u015bko, I., Sulejczak, D., Kaczy\u0144ska, K., Kleczkowska, P., Kramkowski, K., Popiel, M., Wietrak, E., and Kowalczyk, P. (2022). Lactoferrin as a Human Genome \u201cGuardian\u201d\u2014An Overall Point of View. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095248"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, P., Kaczy\u0144ska, K., Kleczkowska, P., Bukowska-O\u015bko, I., Kramkowski, K., and Sulejczak, D. (2022). The Lactoferrin Phenomenon\u2014A Miracle Molecule. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092941"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01438","article-title":"Lactoferrin in a Context of Inflammation-Induced Pathology","volume":"8","author":"Kruzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutone, A., Rosa, L., Ianiro, G., Lepanto, M.S., Bonaccorsi di Patti, M.C., Valenti, P., and Musci, G. (2020). Lactoferrin\u2019s Anti-Cancer Properties: Safety, Selectivity, and Wide Range of Action. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030456"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.-Q., and Guo, C. (2021). A Review on Lactoferrin and Central Nervous System Diseases. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071810"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.019","article-title":"Lactoferrin Reduces the Risk of Respiratory Tract Infections: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"45","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac047","article-title":"Effect of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function, and Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Berthon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2020.06.001","article-title":"Biologics for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"40","author":"Eschenbacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.12.004","article-title":"Allergic Rhinitis: Mechanisms and Treatment. Immunol","volume":"36","author":"Bernstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2003.12.003","article-title":"Sinus And Allergy Health Partnership Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis","volume":"130","author":"Anon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. \u2013Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0792-8","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management","volume":"18","author":"Heath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy874","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa","volume":"68","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, January 17). CDC What You Need to Know about Influenza (Flu) from CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100048","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00048-2021","article-title":"Management of Hospitalised Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A European Respiratory Society Living Guideline","volume":"57","author":"Chalmers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2023, January 10). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Available online: Www.Ginasthma.Org."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900588","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00588-2019","article-title":"Management of Severe Asthma: A European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society Guideline","volume":"55","author":"Holguin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602265","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02265-2016","article-title":"Prevention of COPD Exacerbations: A European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society Guideline","volume":"50","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901003","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01003-2019","article-title":"European Respiratory Society Guidelines on Long-Term Home Non-Invasive Ventilation for Management of COPD","volume":"54","author":"Ergan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600791","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00791-2016","article-title":"Management of COPD Exacerbations: A European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society Guideline","volume":"49","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000351","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00351-2020","article-title":"Withdrawal of Inhaled Corticosteroids in COPD: A European Respiratory Society Guideline","volume":"55","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"23","article-title":"Keep Them Breathing: Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAAPA Off. J. Am. Acad. Physician Assist."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1193-9","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis: Current Therapeutic Targets and Future Approaches","volume":"15","author":"Rafeeq","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101574","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01574-2021","article-title":"ERS Clinical Practice Guidelines: High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Acute Respiratory Failure","volume":"59","author":"Oczkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700582","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017","article-title":"International ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT Guidelines for the Management of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Guidelines for the Management of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)\/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociaci\u00f3n Latinoamericana Del T\u00f3rax (ALAT)","volume":"50","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13870","article-title":"Radiotherapy Treatment for Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions","volume":"25","author":"Vinod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirol. Carlton Vic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900953","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00953-2019","article-title":"ERS\/ESTS\/EACTS\/ESTRO Guidelines for the Management of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","volume":"55","author":"Scherpereel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P7","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2054P7","article-title":"Treatment of Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"205","author":"Gesthalter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2019.11.002","article-title":"Targeted Therapy and Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Devine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Pathol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5368-9","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Molecular Structure, Binding Properties and Dynamics of Lactoferrin","volume":"62","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karav, S., German, J.B., Rouqui\u00e9, C., Le Parc, A., and Barile, D. (2017). Studying Lactoferrin N-Glycosylation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040870"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000250198.22735.20","article-title":"Effects of Iron-Unsaturated Human Lactoferrin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"61","author":"Shoji","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.28.3.893-898.1980","article-title":"Bactericidal Activity of Human Lactoferrin: Sensitivity of a Variety of Microorganisms","volume":"28","author":"Arnold","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164023","article-title":"The Multifaceted Functions of Neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Mayadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00584","article-title":"Innate Immunity and Breast Milk","volume":"8","author":"Cacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5370-2","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Lactoferrin: A Modulator of Immune and Inflammatory Responses","volume":"62","author":"Legrand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, L., Cutone, A., Lepanto, M., Paesano, R., and Valenti, P. (2017). Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091985"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.200","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactoferrin","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"113","article-title":"Lactoferrin Increases the Output of Neutrophil Precursors and Attenuates the Spontaneous Production of TNF-Alpha and IL-6 by Peripheral Blood Cells","volume":"47","author":"Zimecki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5369-8","article-title":"Lactoferrin: Multifunctional Roles of Lactoferrin: A Critical Overview","volume":"62","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruden, \u0160., and Poklar Ulrih, N. (2021). Diverse Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activities of Lactoferrins, Lactoferricins, and Other Lactoferrin-Derived Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011264"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6992","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16086992","article-title":"Antiviral Properties of Lactoferrin\u2014A Natural Immunity Molecule","volume":"16","author":"Berlutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12155","article-title":"Anticancer Effects of Lactoferrin: Underlying Mechanisms and Future Trends in Cancer Therapy","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.204","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Inhibitory Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin on Osteosarcoma","volume":"508","author":"Chea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988335","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.988335","article-title":"P53 Status Modifies Cytotoxic Activity of Lactoferrin under Hypoxic Conditions","volume":"13","author":"Kosim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208021","article-title":"Neutrophil Lactoferrin Upregulates the Human P53 Gene through Induction of NF-\u039aB Activation Cascade","volume":"23","author":"Oh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.12.009","article-title":"The Microbiome and Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"40","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan, V.R., Feazel, L.M., Gitomer, S.A., Ir, D., Robertson, C.E., and Frank, D.N. (2013). The Microbiome of the Middle Meatus in Healthy Adults. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085507"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201003-027RN","article-title":"The Effects of Air Pollutants and Irritants on the Upper Airway","volume":"8","author":"Shusterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.044","article-title":"Consumption of Unprocessed Cow\u2019s Milk Protects Infants from Common Respiratory Infections","volume":"135","author":"Loss","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.06.050","article-title":"Which Factors in Raw Cow\u2019s Milk Contribute to Protection against Allergies?","volume":"130","author":"Knol","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.08.010","article-title":"Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin from Iron-Fortified Formulas on Diarrhea and Respiratory Tract Infections of Weaned Infants in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000243435.54958.68","article-title":"de A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Study of Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation in Bottle-Fed Infants","volume":"44","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00143","article-title":"Cow\u2019s Milk and Immune Function in the Respiratory Tract: Potential Mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Perdijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70376-5","article-title":"Lactoferrin Inhibits the Growth of Nasal Polyp Fibroblasts","volume":"62","author":"Nadolska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114329","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Rhinitis. Lactoferrin and Lysozyme in Nasal Secretions","volume":"84","author":"Raphael","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(91)90298-3","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Rhinitis","volume":"88","author":"Raphael","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1748502","article-title":"Nasal Mucus Proteome and Its Involvement in Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"17","author":"Tomazic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03414.x","article-title":"Serum Lactoferrin Level as a Serologic Biomarker for Allergic Rhinitis","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12118","article-title":"Lactoferrin Administration into the Nostril Alleviates Murine Allergic Rhinitis and Its Mechanisms","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.08.003","article-title":"Lactoferrin for Prevention of Common Viral Infections","volume":"20","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-04993-4","article-title":"Lactoferrin Affects Rhinovirus B-14 Entry into H1-HeLa Cells","volume":"166","author":"Denani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08896.x","article-title":"Effect of Human Milk Prostaglandins and Lactoferrin on Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rotavirus","volume":"86","author":"Grover","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324218","article-title":"Lactoferrin and Surfactant Protein A Exhibit Distinct Binding Specificity to F Protein and Differently Modulate Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"33","author":"Sano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.05.013","article-title":"Lack of Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Clinical Disease Severity in the Mouse Model","volume":"99","author":"Gualdi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.03.005","article-title":"Lactoferrin Inhibits Enterovirus 71 Infection by Binding to VP1 Protein and Host Cells","volume":"67","author":"Weng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10337","article-title":"Heparin-Interacting Sites of Bovine Lactoferrin Are Involved in Anti-Adenovirus Activity","volume":"69","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2640-x","article-title":"Microbiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"35","author":"Brook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.08.008","article-title":"Combined Effects of Lactoferrin and Lysozyme on Streptococcus Pneumoniae Killing","volume":"89","author":"Politano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12641","article-title":"Human Milk Lactoferrin Inactivates Two Putative Colonization Factors Expressed by Haemophilus Influenzae","volume":"95","author":"Qiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00511.x","article-title":"Bacteriostatic Activity of Human Lactoferrin against Staphylococcus Aureus Is a Function of Its Iron-Binding Properties and Is Not Influenced by Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"31","author":"Aguila","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1045","article-title":"Symptom Pathogenesis during Acute Influenza: Interleukin-6 and Other Cytokine Responses","volume":"64","author":"Kaiser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.1.131-150.2001","article-title":"Molecular Pathways in Virus-Induced Cytokine Production","volume":"65","author":"Mogensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-021-10029-5","article-title":"Role of Sialylated Glycans on Bovine Lactoferrin against Influenza Virus","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.029","article-title":"Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection by Lactoferrin Is Dependent on Interference with the Virus Binding to Glycosaminoglycans","volume":"318","author":"Marchetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000004","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin-Derived Peptides as Novel Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Influenza Virus","volume":"106","author":"Ammendolia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scala, M.C., Agamennone, M., Pietrantoni, A., Di Sarno, V., Bertamino, A., Superti, F., Campiglia, P., and Sala, M. (2021). Discovery of a Novel Tetrapeptide against Influenza A Virus: Rational Design, Synthesis, Bioactivity Evaluation and Computational Studies. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0735.v1"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayers, E.J., Palmer, I., Hope, L., Hope, P., Watson, P., and Jones, A.T. (2022). Fluid-Phase Endocytosis and Lysosomal Degradation of Bovine Lactoferrin in Lung Cells. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040855"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00195-4","article-title":"Antiviral Activities of Lactoferrin","volume":"52","author":"Beljaars","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9323-3","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits Influenza A Virus Induced Programmed Cell Death in Vitro","volume":"23","author":"Pietrantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals Int. J. Role Met. Ions Biol. Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46018-0","article-title":"Effects of Orally Administered Bovine Lactoferrin and Lactoperoxidase on Influenza Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"54","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-054","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin: Benefits and Mechanism of Action against InfectionsThis Paper Is One of a Selection of Papers Published in This Special Issue, Entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Functions, and Applications, and Has Undergone the Journal\u2019s Usual Peer Review Process","volume":"84","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.10.067","article-title":"Lactoferrin Acts as an Adjuvant during Influenza Vaccination of Neonatal Mice","volume":"467","author":"Sherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S224","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31817e1c91","article-title":"A New Chance of Preventing Winter Diseases by the Administration of Synbiotic Formulations","volume":"42","author":"Pregliasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12910","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.013930","article-title":"The Molecular Virology of Coronaviruses","volume":"295","author":"Hartenian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, L., Cutone, A., Conte, M.P., Campione, E., Bianchi, L., and Valenti, P. (2022). An Overview on in Vitro and in Vivo Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin: Its Efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biometals Int. J. Role Met. Ions Biol. Biochem. Med., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00427-z"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0170-0","article-title":"The Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Calls for Viral Vaccines","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1888660","article-title":"The in Vitro Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin against Common Human Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 Is Mediated by Targeting the Heparan Sulfate Co-Receptor","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S.C., and Di Napoli, R. (2022). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15562-9","article-title":"Characterization of Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on Virus Entry and Its Immune Cross-Reactivity with SARS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00408-z","article-title":"The Effect of Whey Protein on Viral Infection and Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin Coronavirus in Vitro","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28281","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28281","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 by Targeting the RdRp Complex and Alleviates Viral Infection in the Hamster Model","volume":"95","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896068","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.896068","article-title":"Overview of Breastfeeding Under COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaris, C., Scarpa, M., Elli, M., Bertolini, A., Guglielmetti, S., Pregliasco, F., Blandizzi, C., Brun, P., and Castagliuolo, I. (2021). Protective Effects of Lactoferrin against SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020328"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v9i2.727","article-title":"Lactoferrin Can Attenuate SARS-CoV-2: An Analysis of Evidential Relations","volume":"9","author":"Shafqat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666600","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666600","article-title":"Lactoferrin Against SARS-CoV-2: In Vitro and In Silico Evidences","volume":"12","author":"Campione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campione, E., Cosio, T., Rosa, L., Lanna, C., Di Girolamo, S., Gaziano, R., Valenti, P., and Bianchi, L. (2020). Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144903"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancinelli, R., Rosa, L., Cutone, A., Lepanto, M.S., Franchitto, A., Onori, P., Gaudio, E., and Valenti, P. (2020). Viral Hepatitis and Iron Dysregulation: Molecular Pathways and the Role of Lactoferrin. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081997"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campione, E., Lanna, C., Cosio, T., Rosa, L., Conte, M.P., Iacovelli, F., Romeo, A., Falconi, M., Del Vecchio, C., and Franchin, E. (2021). Lactoferrin as Antiviral Treatment in COVID-19 Management: Preliminary Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010985"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa, L., Tripepi, G., Naldi, E., Aimati, M., Santangeli, S., Venditto, F., Caldarelli, M., and Valenti, P. (2021). Ambulatory COVID-19 Patients Treated with Lactoferrin as a Supplementary Antiviral Agent: A Preliminary Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184276"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"08","article-title":"Liposomal Lactoferrin as Potential Preventative and Cure for COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Serrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"118","article-title":"Understanding the Immunology of Asthma: Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Treatments for Asthma Endotypes","volume":"36","author":"Gans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.007","article-title":"The Role of Lung and Gut Microbiota in the Pathology of Asthma","volume":"52","author":"Barcik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788453202","article-title":"Lactoferrin as a Natural Immune Modulator","volume":"15","author":"Actor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02714163","article-title":"Lactoferrin and Secretory IgA in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with a Stable Asthma","volume":"169","author":"Out","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0666-1","article-title":"Expression of Pulmonary Lactoferrin in Sudden-Onset and Slow-Onset Asthma with Fatal Outcome","volume":"441","author":"Tsokos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Delgado, L., Vega-Rioja, A., Ventura, I., Chamorro, C., Aroca, R., Prados, M., Bobadilla, P., Rodr\u00edguez, D., Palacios, R., and Monteseir\u00edn, J. (2015). Allergens Induce the Release of Lactoferrin by Neutrophils from Asthmatic Patients. PLOS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141278"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L728","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.1998.274.5.L728","article-title":"Metal-Dependent Expression of Ferritin and Lactoferrin by Respiratory Epithelial Cells","volume":"274","author":"Ghio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00897.x","article-title":"Nasal Reactivity to Capsaicin in Patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis during and after the Pollen Season","volume":"54","author":"Kowalski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"399","article-title":"Lactoferrin and Immunologic Dissonance: Clinical Implications. Arch. Immunol","volume":"50","author":"Kruzel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ther. Exp. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"268","article-title":"Iron-Mediated Dismutation of Superoxide Anion Augments Antigen-Induced Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Lactoferrin","volume":"61","author":"Chodaczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw. Online"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02417.x","article-title":"Lactoferrin Decreases Pollen Antigen-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Asthma","volume":"119","author":"Kruzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-C., Chuang, K.-C., Chen, S.-W., Chao, Y.-H., Yen, C.-C., Yang, S.-H., Chen, W., Chang, K.-H., Chang, Y.-K., and Chen, C.-M. (2022). Lactoferrin Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice through Reducing Dendritic-Cell-Derived Th2 Cell Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214185"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.01.253","article-title":"Oral Recombinant Human Lactoferrin (RhLF) in a Non-Human Primate Model of Asthma","volume":"113","author":"Glynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13365","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13365","article-title":"Human Lactoferrin Induces Asthmatic Symptoms in NC\/Nga Mice","volume":"5","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.08.013","article-title":"A Case of Lactoferrin-Induced Occupational Asthma","volume":"8","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"261","article-title":"Lactoferrin in Health and Disease","volume":"61","author":"Kruzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw. Online"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.86","article-title":"Inhibition of Eosinophil Migration by Lactoferrin","volume":"88","author":"Bournazou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"20","article-title":"Apoptotic Human Cells Inhibit Migration of Granulocytes via Release of Lactoferrin","volume":"119","author":"Bournazou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1139\/o06-058","article-title":"Regulation of Physiological and Pathological Th1 and Th2 Responses by Lactoferrin","volume":"84","author":"Fischer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol. Biochim. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01045","article-title":"Raw Cow\u2019s Milk Prevents the Development of Airway Inflammation in a Murine House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Model","volume":"8","author":"Abbring","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.2.9607012","article-title":"Lactoferrin, a Potent Tryptase Inhibitor, Abolishes Late-Phase Airway Responses in Allergic Sheep","volume":"156","author":"Elrod","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01651-9","article-title":"The Inhibition of Mast Cell Activation by Neutrophil Lactoferrin: Uptake by Mast Cells and Interaction with Tryptase, Chymase and Cathepsin G","volume":"65","author":"He","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Glynn, P., and Varadhachary, A. (2007). Oral Lactoferrin in the Treatment of Respiratory Disorders. (No 7,238,661), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Varadhachary, A. (2022, December 19). Phase II Clinical Trial of Lactoferrin in Asthma. Available online: https:\/\/Grantome.Com\/Grant\/NIH\/R44-AI058553-02."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu072","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Childhood Asthma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"179","author":"Dogaru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9981-5","article-title":"Early Origins of Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases across the Life Course","volume":"29","author":"Duijts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.001","article-title":"Prospective Study of Breast-Feeding in Relation to Wheeze, Atopy, and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)","volume":"122","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39304.464016.AE","article-title":"Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) Study Group Effect of Prolonged and Exclusive Breast Feeding on Risk of Allergy and Asthma: Cluster Randomised Trial","volume":"335","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00178110","article-title":"Duration and Exclusiveness of Breastfeeding and Childhood Asthma-Related Symptoms","volume":"39","author":"Jaddoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190281","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0281","article-title":"The Effects of Early Nutritional Interventions on the Development of Atopic Disease in Infants and Children: The Role of Maternal Dietary Restriction, Breastfeeding, Hydrolyzed Formulas, and Timing of Introduction of Allergenic Complementary Foods","volume":"143","author":"Greer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries","volume":"153","author":"Ip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid. Rep. Assess."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13132","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Asthma and Allergies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"104","author":"Lodge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miliku, K., and Azad, M. (2018). Breastfeeding and the Developmental Origins of Asthma: Current Evidence, Possible Mechanisms, and Future Research Priorities. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080995"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st Century: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Lifelong Effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12147","article-title":"Consumption of Unpasteurized Milk and Its Effects on Atopy and Asthma in Children and Adult Inhabitants in Rural Poland","volume":"68","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.01.069","article-title":"The Role of Breast-Feeding in the Development of Allergies and Asthma","volume":"115","author":"Friedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000457920","article-title":"Breastfeeding, Childhood Asthma, and Allergic Disease","volume":"70","author":"Oddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0311PP","article-title":"The \u201cIron\u201d-y of Iron Overload and Iron Deficiency in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"196","author":"Cloonan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S234942","article-title":"Economic Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Iheanacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0131","article-title":"Diagnosis and Outpatient Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review","volume":"321","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gela, A., Bhongir, R.K.V., Mori, M., Keenan, P., M\u00f6rgelin, M., Erjef\u00e4lt, J.S., Herwald, H., Egesten, A., and Kasetty, G. (2016). Osteopontin That Is Elevated in the Airways during COPD Impairs the Antibacterial Activity of Common Innate Antibiotics. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146192"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2760","article-title":"Effects of Bacterial Infection on Airway Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins in COPD","volume":"140","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-959215","article-title":"Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der bronchialen Sekretion","volume":"62","author":"Ficker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"148","article-title":"Lower Respiratory Tract Lactoferrin and Lysozyme Arise Primarily in the Airways and Are Elevated in Association with Chronic Bronchitis","volume":"115","author":"Thompson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"529","article-title":"Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases: The Central Role of the Epithelium Revisited. Clin. Exp","volume":"46","author":"Gohy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0743-x","article-title":"Airway Surface Liquid from Smokers Promotes Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation via Iron-Lactoferrin Imbalance","volume":"19","author":"Borcherding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(95)06139-0","article-title":"Plasma Protein Leakage and Local Secretion of Proteins Assessed in Sputum in Asthma and COPD. The Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids","volume":"240","author":"Schoonbrood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9750-7","article-title":"Aerosolized Bovine Lactoferrin Reduces Lung Injury and Fibrosis in Mice Exposed to Hyperoxia","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20203284","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20203284","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Pelargonium Sidoides DC and Lactoferrin Combination","volume":"40","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100424","article-title":"Mucosal Immunity in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"207","author":"Bojanowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepanto, M.S., Rosa, L., Paesano, R., Valenti, P., and Cutone, A. (2019). Lactoferrin in Aseptic and Septic Inflammation. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071323"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, T., Zawilska, A., Trzcionka, A., Tanasiewicz, M., Mazurek, H., and \u015awi\u0119tochowska, E. (2020). Estimation of Proinflammatory Factors in the Saliva of Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Dental Caries. Medicina (Mex.), 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110612"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21028","article-title":"Relationship between Antimicrobial Proteins and Airway Inflammation and Infection in Cystic Fibrosis: Antimicrobial Proteins in CF","volume":"44","author":"Sagel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1086\/423821","article-title":"Loss of Microbicidal Activity and Increased Formation of Biofilm Due to Decreased Lactoferrin Activity in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"190","author":"Rogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2016-0050","article-title":"Aerosolized Bovine Lactoferrin Reduces Neutrophils and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Models of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Lung Infections","volume":"95","author":"Valenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutone, A., Lepanto, M.S., Rosa, L., Scotti, M.J., Rossi, A., Ranucci, S., De Fino, I., Bragonzi, A., Valenti, P., and Musci, G. (2019). Aerosolized Bovine Lactoferrin Counteracts Infection, Inflammation and Iron Dysbalance in A Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Model of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Chronic Lung Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092128"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100107","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits the Efficiency of Invasion of Respiratory A549 Cells of Different Iron-Regulated Morphological Forms of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Burkholderia Cenocepacia","volume":"21","author":"Berlutti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9740-9","article-title":"Lactoferrin Differently Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Epithelial Models Mimicking Human Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Frioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku357","article-title":"Combination of Hypothiocyanite and Lactoferrin (ALX-109) Enhances the Ability of Tobramycin and Aztreonam to Eliminate Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms Growing on Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"70","author":"Coutermarsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"3391","article-title":"Activity of Hypothiocyanite and Lactoferrin (ALX-009) against Respiratory Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens in Sputum","volume":"73","author":"Tunney","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-20-54","article-title":"Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Injured Patient","volume":"20","author":"Bakowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774025","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.774025","article-title":"Unsuccessful and Successful Clinical Trials in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Addressing Physiology-Based Gaps","volume":"12","author":"Villar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0900-8","article-title":"Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin as a Novel Therapeutic Agent in a Rat Model of Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.01.001","article-title":"Lactoferrin Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000050284.35609.97","article-title":"Iron and Iron-Related Proteins in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Crit","volume":"31","author":"Ghio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Care Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv044","article-title":"Efficacy of Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation in Preventing Late-Onset Sepsis in Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"61","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1403","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin Supplementation for Prevention of Late-Onset Sepsis in Very Low-Birth-Weight NeonatesA Randomized Trial","volume":"302","author":"Manzoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0046","article-title":"Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin on Prevention of Late-Onset Sepsis in Infants <1500 g: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Patient Data from Two Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"99","author":"Ochoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"CD007137","article-title":"Enteral Lactoferrin Supplementation for Prevention of Sepsis and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Infants","volume":"3","author":"Pammi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2020-0073","article-title":"ELFIN, the United Kingdom Preterm Lactoferrin Trial: Interpretation and Future Questions","volume":"99","author":"Berrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Embleton, N., Berrington, J., Cummings, S., Dorling, J., Ewer, A., Frau, A., Juszczak, E., Kirby, J., Lamb, C., and Lanyon, C. (2021). Lactoferrin Impact on Gut Microbiota in Preterm Infants with Late-Onset Sepsis or Necrotising Enterocolitis: The MAGPIE Mechanisms of Action Study; Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation, NIHR Journals Library.","DOI":"10.3310\/eme08140"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182741551","article-title":"A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo\u2013Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Talactoferrin in Patients With Severe Sepsis *","volume":"41","author":"Guntupalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001090","article-title":"Talactoferrin in Severe Sepsis: Results From the Phase II\/III Oral TAlactoferrin in Severe SepsIS Trial","volume":"43","author":"Vincent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107571","article-title":"The Potential for Lactoferrin to Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Induced Cytokine Storm","volume":"95","author":"Zimecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx056","article-title":"VEN-120, a Recombinant Human Lactoferrin, Promotes a Regulatory T Cell [Treg] Phenotype and Drives Resolution of Inflammation in Distinct Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"11","author":"MacManus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9435","article-title":"Lactoferrin for the Treatment of COVID-19 (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6519-6525.2000","article-title":"Human Lactoferrin Interacts with Soluble CD14 and Inhibits Expression of Endothelial Adhesion Molecules, E-Selectin and ICAM-1, Induced by the CD14-Lipopolysaccharide Complex","volume":"68","author":"Baveye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.12.011","article-title":"Human Lactoferrin Suppresses TNF-\u03b1-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression via Competition with NF-\u039aB in Endothelial Cells","volume":"586","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.200.Supp.42.10","article-title":"Lactoferrin Inhibits Immune Cell Adhesion via Suppression of Cell Adhesion Molecules Expression in Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation Animal Model","volume":"200","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algahtani, F.D., Elabbasy, M.T., Samak, M.A., Adeboye, A.A., Yusuf, R.A., and Ghoniem, M.E. (2021). The Prospect of Lactoferrin Use as Adjunctive Agent in Management of SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Randomized Pilot Study. Medicina (Mex.), 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57080842"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21462","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Inactivation of LTF Gene at 3p21.3 in Lung Cancers","volume":"118","author":"Iijima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"2310","article-title":"Human Lactoferrin Inhibits Growth of Solid Tumors and Development of Experimental Metastases in Mice","volume":"54","author":"Bezault","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0970-8","article-title":"Lactoferrin Deficiency Induces a Pro-Metastatic Tumor Microenvironment through Recruiting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Mice","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3182156250","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study of Oral Talactoferrin in Combination with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel in Previously Untreated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Digumarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.34.4127","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Single-Agent Oral Talactoferrin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer That Progressed After Chemotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Parikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2010.512914","article-title":"The Role of Talactoferrin Alpha in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ixe23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-7534(20)34343-X","article-title":"Fortis-M, a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral Talactoferrin Alfa with Best Supportive Care in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Following Two or More Prior Regimens- by the Fortis-M Study Group","volume":"23","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6153","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin Inhibits Lung Cancer Growth through Suppression of Both Inflammation and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"96","author":"Tung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"529","article-title":"Binding of Lactoferrin to IGBP1 Triggers Apoptosis in a Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9586","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16429","article-title":"Investigation and Comparison of the Anti-Tumor Activities of Lactoferrin, \u03b1-Lactalbumin, and \u03b2-Lactoglobulin in A549, HT29, HepG2, and MDA231-LM2 Tumor Models","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-021-00637-2","article-title":"A Novel Human Recombinant Lactoferrin Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Growth and Migration with No Cytotoxic Effect on Normal Human Epithelial Cells","volume":"69","author":"Olszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0039","article-title":"Inhalable Lactoferrin\u2013Chondroitin Nanocomposites for Combined Delivery of Doxorubicin and Ellagic Acid to Lung Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01639","article-title":"Inhalable Lactoferrin\/Chondroitin-Functionalized Monoolein Nanocomposites for Localized Lung Cancer Targeting","volume":"6","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0092-8","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties Influence the Functions and Efficacy of Commercial Bovine Lactoferrins","volume":"31","author":"Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.8.2101","article-title":"Gastric Digestion of Bovine Lactoferrin In Vivo in Adults","volume":"131","author":"Troost","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2006.06.013","article-title":"Lactoferrin Research, Technology and Applications","volume":"16","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2020-0170","article-title":"The Potential of Lactoferrin, Ovotransferrin and Lysozyme as Antiviral and Immune-Modulating Agents in COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00644.x","article-title":"Influence of Lactoferrin Feeding and Injection against Systemic Staphylococcal Infections in Mice","volume":"86","author":"Bhimani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.04.006","article-title":"Tumor Regression Following Intravenous Administration of Lactoferrin- and Lactoferricin-Bearing Dendriplexes","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1139\/o11-060","article-title":"Bovine Lactoferrin in Preventing Preterm Delivery Associated with Sterile Inflammation 1 This Article Is Part of Special Issue Entitled Lactoferrin and Has Undergone the Journal\u2019s Usual Peer Review Process","volume":"90","author":"Paesano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121188","article-title":"Development of Topical Eye-Drops of Lactoferrin-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Anterior Segment Inflammatory Processes","volume":"609","author":"Cano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44159","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44159","article-title":"Formulation for Oral Delivery of Lactoferrin Based on Bovine Serum Albumin and Tannic Acid Multilayer Microcapsules","volume":"7","author":"Kilic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/2\/192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1760120281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/2\/192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"references-count":211,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16020192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16020192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]}}}