{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T02:24:44Z","timestamp":1775355884521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CORPG8L0541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8L0541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011892","name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFRPG8J0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG8J0031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share similar pathways in pathophysiology and are intercorrelated with increased morbidity and mortality in elderly women. Although denosumab and raloxifene are the current guideline-based pharmacological treatments, their impacts on cardiovascular protection are yet to be examined. This study aimed to compare mortality rate and cardiovascular events between denosumab and raloxifene in osteoporotic women. Risks of CVD development and all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. A total of 7972 (3986 in each group) women were recruited between January 2003 and December 2018. No significant difference between denosumab and raloxifene was observed in composite CVDs, myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure. However, comparison of the propensity score matched cohorts revealed that patients with proportion of days covered (PDC) \u226560% had lower incidence of ischemic stroke in the denosumab group than that in the raloxifene group (aHR 0.68; 95% CI 0.47\u20130.98; p = 0.0399). In addition, all-cause mortality was lower in the denosumab group than in the raloxifene group (aHR 0.59; 95% CI 0.48\u20130.72; p = 0.001), except in patients aged &lt;65 y\/o in this cohort study. We concluded that denosumab is superior to raloxifene in lowering risks of all-cause mortality and certain ischemic strokes in osteoporotic women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Denosumab Is Superior to Raloxifene in Lowering Risks of Mortality and Ischemic Stroke in Osteoporotic Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2484-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Chun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6172-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiang-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueh-Ting","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Bor","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1808-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lung-Chih","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.08.047","article-title":"Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis","volume":"194","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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