{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:10:23Z","timestamp":1792509023840,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are the standard of care for various malignancies and have been associated with a wide spectrum of complications that are phenotypically akin to primary autoimmune diseases. While the literature on these toxicities is growing, there is a paucity of data regarding ICI-associated scleroderma which can carry significant morbidity and limit the ability to continue effective ICI therapy. Our review aimed to analyze the current literature on ICI-associated systemic scleroderma (ICI-SSc) and key scleroderma mimics. Cases of ICI-SSc had notable differences from primary SSc, such as fewer vascular features and less seropositivity (such as scleroderma-specific antibodies and antinuclear antibodies). We found that patients with a diagnosis of SSc prior to the start of ICI can also experience flares of pre-existing disease after ICI treatment used for their cancer. Regarding scleroderma mimics, several cases of ICI-eosinophilic fasciitis have also been described with variable clinical presentations and courses. We found no cases of scleroderma mimics: ICI-scleromyxedema or ICI-scleroedema. There is a critical need for multi-institutional efforts to collaborate on developing a patient database and conducting robust, prospective research on ICI-scleroderma. This will ultimately facilitate more effective clinical evaluations and management for ICI-scleroderma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T01:59:43Z","timestamp":1675907983000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Scleroderma and Scleroderma Mimics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1949-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Macklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudeep","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankti","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-021-00574-0","article-title":"Cancer Immunotherapy Update: FDA-Approved Checkpoint Inhibitors and Companion Diagnostics","volume":"23","author":"Twomey","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.10.018","article-title":"Anti\u2013programmed death ligand 1 immunotherapies in cancer patients with pre-existing systemic sclerosis: A postmarketed phase IV safety assessment study","volume":"160","author":"Panhaleux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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