{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:45:25Z","timestamp":1768740325673,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The first and only antidepressant drug on the market with solid proof of clinically significant serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition is clomipramine (CLP). However, significant first-pass metabolism reduces its absorption to less than 62%. It is heavily protein-bound and broadly dispersed across the body (9\u201325 L\/kg volume of distribution). The purpose of this research was to formulate CLP orodispersible tablets that immediately enable the drug to enter the bloodstream and bypass systemic portal circulation to improve its bioavailability. A factorial design was employed using varied amounts of Plantago ovata mucilage (POM) as a natural superdisintegrant, as well as croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone as synthetic disintegrants. Their physiochemical compatibility was evaluated by FTIR, DSC\/TGA, and PXRD analysis. The blend of all formulations was assessed for pre- and post-compaction parameters. The study found that tablets comprising Plantago ovata mucilage as a superdisintegrant showed a rapid in vitro disintegration time, i.e., around 8.39 s, and had an excellent dissolution profile. The anti-depressant efficacy was evaluated by an open-field test (OFT) and the forced swimming test (FST) was applied to create hopelessness and despair behavior as a model of depression in animals (Albino rats). The in vivo study revealed that the efficiency of the optimized formulation (F9) in the treatment of depression is more than the marketed available clomfranil tablet, and may be linked to its rapid disintegration and bypassing of systemic portal circulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T02:09:59Z","timestamp":1675994999000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro\/In Vivo Evaluation of Clomipramine Orodispersible Tablets for the Treatment of Depression and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9631-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazia Akram","family":"Ghumman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8636-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huma","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0815-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobia","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami A.","family":"Al-Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rizwana","family":"Kausar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ILM College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8977-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramla","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54760, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Amanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5643-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdi E. A.","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsayed, M.M., Aboelez, M.O., Elsadek, B.E., Sarhan, H.A., Khaled, K.A., Belal, A., Khames, A., Hassan, Y.A., Abdel-Rheem, A.A., and Elkaeed, E.B. (2022). Tolmetin sodium fast dissolving tablets for rheumatoid arthritis treatment: Preparation and optimization using Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. 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