{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:36:08Z","timestamp":1792427768893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery of the mechanism underlying allergic disease, mouse models of asthma, and bronchoscopy studies provided initial insights into the role of Th2-type cytokines, including interlukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which became the target of monoclonal antibody therapy. Omalizumab, Benralizumab, Mepolizumab, Reslizumab, and Tezepelumab have been approved. These biologicals have been shown to be good alternative therapies to corticosteroids, particularly in severe asthma management, where they can improve the quality of life of many patients. Given the success in asthma, these drugs have been used in other diseases with type 2 inflammation, including chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria. Like the Th2-type cytokines, chemokines have also been the target of novel monoclonal therapies. However, they have not proved successful to date. In this review, targeted therapy is addressed from its inception to future applications in allergic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16020270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T02:42:33Z","timestamp":1676256153000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Biologic Therapies for Asthma and Allergic Disease: Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gandhi Fernando","family":"Pav\u00f3n-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juancarlos Manuel","family":"Vel\u00e1squez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Itzel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Lazarini-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia Vanessa","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Quiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1806-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Teran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics and Allergy Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2348","article-title":"Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins","volume":"136","author":"Mosmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60652-5","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Cytokine Secretion Patterns and Functions of Helper T Cells","volume":"46","author":"Mosmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1998.0457","article-title":"Interleukin 5 release into asthmatic airways 4 and 24 hours after endobronchial allergen challenge: Its relationship with eosinophil recruitment","volume":"11","author":"Teran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.2.8564096","article-title":"Prednisolone Treatment in Asthma: Reduction in the Numbers of Eosinophils, T Cells, Tryptase-only Positive Mast Cells, and Modulation of IL-4, IL-5, and Interferon-gamma Cytokine Gene Expression within the Bronchial Mucosa","volume":"153","author":"Bentley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.1999.00889.x","article-title":"Cytokine profiles of BAL T cells and T-cell clones obtained from human asthmatic airways after local allergen challenge","volume":"54","author":"Bodey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198203043060906","article-title":"Treatment of B-Cell Lymphoma with Monoclonal Anti-Idiotype Antibody","volume":"306","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4161\/19420862.2015.989042","article-title":"The Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody Market","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Ecker","year":"2015","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.08.001","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody therapeutics: History and future","volume":"12","author":"Buss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma\u2014Present in most, absent in many","volume":"15","author":"Fahy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01634-0","article-title":"CCL Chemokines and asthma","volume":"21","author":"Teran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.9610064","article-title":"Release of RANTES, MIP-1\u03b1, and MCP-1 into asthmatic airways following endobronchial allergen challenge","volume":"156","author":"Holgate","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00688.x","article-title":"Kinetics of eotaxin expression and its relationship to eosinophil accumulation and activation in bronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of asthmatic patients after allergen inhalation","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13089","article-title":"Chemokine receptors in allergic diseases","volume":"72","author":"Castan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607863103","article-title":"A central regulatory role for eosinophils and the eotaxin\/CCR3 axis in chronic experimental allergic airway inflammation","volume":"103","author":"Fulkerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2003.00273.x","article-title":"The monocyte-derived chemokine is released in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of steady-state asthmatics","volume":"58","author":"Teran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01268.x","article-title":"TARC: Novel mediator of allergic inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Teran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00134304","article-title":"CC chemokine ligand 1 is released into the airways of atopic asthmatics","volume":"28","author":"Teran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.06.060","article-title":"Chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets: Why aren\u2019t there more drugs?","volume":"746","author":"Solari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2020.1711884","article-title":"Clinical significance of chemokine receptor antagonists","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.003","article-title":"Novel peptide nanoparticle\u2013biased antagonist of CCR3 blocks eosinophil recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness","volume":"143","author":"Grozdanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11610","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11610","article-title":"Structural basis of omalizumab therapy and omalizumab-mediated IgE exchange","volume":"7","author":"Pennington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601476","article-title":"From IgE to Omalizumab","volume":"197","author":"Kawakami","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagata, Y., and Suzuki, R. (2022). Fc\u03b5RI: A Master Regulator of Mast Cell Functions. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040622"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000237010","article-title":"Inhibition of Allergic Reactions with Antibodies to IgE","volume":"107","author":"Shields","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830150920","article-title":"Inhibition of mast cell sensitization in vitro by a human immunoglobulin \u03b5-chain fragment synthesized in Escherichia coli","volume":"15","author":"Coleman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912233412603","article-title":"Treatment of Allergic Asthma with Monoclonal Anti-IgE Antibody","volume":"341","author":"Milgrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.6.9196082","article-title":"The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects","volume":"155","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70202-1","article-title":"Use of an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody in ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis","volume":"100","author":"Casale","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.108310","article-title":"Recombinant humanized mAb-E25, an anti-IgE mAb, in birch pollen\u2013induced seasonal allergic rhinitis","volume":"106","author":"Rak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e36","article-title":"Treatment of Childhood Asthma With Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibody (Omalizumab)","volume":"108","author":"Milgrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Walker, S. (2004). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60644-8","article-title":"Effect of omalizumab on patients with chronic urticaria","volume":"99","author":"Spector","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.12.1342","article-title":"Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"137","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14547","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with omalizumab for chronic spontaneous urticaria: A systematic review for the EAACI Biologicals Guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Agache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.022","article-title":"Effect of pretreatment with omalizumab on the tolerability of specific immunotherapy in allergic asthma","volume":"125","author":"Massanari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.03.008","article-title":"Biologics for Severe Asthma: Treatment-Specific Effects Are Important in Choosing a Specific Agent","volume":"7","author":"Krings","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2002). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, GINA. Available online: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1944CI","article-title":"Role of Biologics in Asthma","volume":"199","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.116576","article-title":"Preclinical efficacy and safety of mepolizumab (SB-240563), a humanized monoclonal antibody to IL-5, in cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"108","author":"Hart","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"85","article-title":"Technology evaluation: SB-485232, GlaxoSmithKline","volume":"7","author":"Golab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03496-6","article-title":"Early reports Effects of an interleukin-5 blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response","volume":"356","author":"Leckie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00027302","article-title":"Monoclonal anti-interleukin-5 treatment suppresses eosinophil but not T-cell functions","volume":"21","author":"Lun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"199","article-title":"Eosinophil\u2019 s Role Remains Uncertain as Anti\u2013Interleukin-5 only Partially Depletes Numbers in Asthmatic Airway","volume":"167","author":"Kay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"714","article-title":"Anti\u2014IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy induces bone marrow eosinophil maturational arrest and decreases eosinophil progenitors in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatics","volume":"5","author":"Sehmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17974","article-title":"Anti-IL-5 treatment reduces deposition of ECM proteins in the bronchial subepithelial basement membrane of mild atopic asthmatics","volume":"112","author":"Phipps","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-085OC","article-title":"A Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Mepolizumab in Patients with Moderate Persistent Asthma","volume":"176","author":"Swenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808991","article-title":"Mepolizumab and Exacerbations of Refractory Eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"360","author":"Haldar","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602486","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02486-2016","article-title":"A pilot randomised clinical trial of mepolizumab in COPD with eosinophilic bronchitis","volume":"49","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60988-X","article-title":"Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Pavord","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-454OC","article-title":"Cluster Analysis and Characterization of Response to Mepolizumab. A Step Closer to Personalized Medicine for Patients with Severe Asthma","volume":"11","author":"Analysis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403290","article-title":"Mepolizumab Treatment in Patients with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"371","author":"Ortega","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab stratifi ed by baseline eosinophil thresholds: A secondary analysis of the DREAM and MENSA studies","volume":"2600","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30125-X","article-title":"Efficacy of mepolizumab add-on therapy on health-related quality of life and markers of asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma (MUSCA): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3b trial","volume":"5","author":"Chupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801393","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01393-2018","article-title":"Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of benralizumab versus interleukin-5 inhibitors for the treatment of severe asthma: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Bourdin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536097","DOI":"10.1080\/20018525.2018.1536097","article-title":"Efficacy, adverse events, and inter-drug comparison of mepolizumab and reslizumab anti-IL-5 treatments of severe asthma\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Henriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801127","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01127-2018","article-title":"Exacerbations of severe asthma in patients treated with mepolizumab","volume":"52","author":"Shrimanker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.09.033","article-title":"Assessment of the long-term safety of mepolizumab and durability of clinical response in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"143","author":"Khatri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S196200","article-title":"Severe uncontrolled asthma with bronchiectasis: A pilot study of an emerging phenotype that responds to mepolizumab","volume":"12","author":"Scioscia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.01.016","article-title":"Mepolizumab improves small airway function in severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"148","author":"Farah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.10.049","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"113","author":"Garrett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.055","article-title":"Long-term safety of mepolizumab for the treatment of hypereosinophilic syndromes","volume":"131","author":"Roufosse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.037","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mepolizumab in hypereosinophilic syndrome: A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"146","author":"Roufosse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.044","article-title":"Reduced need for surgery in severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: Randomized trial","volume":"140","author":"Bachert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12948-019-0106-2","article-title":"Recovery of smell sense loss by mepolizumab in a patient allergic to Dermatophagoides and affected by chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"17","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.178558","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-5 antibody treatment (mepolizumab) in active eosinophilic oesophagitis: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"59","author":"Straumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000878","article-title":"Efficacy of Pharmacologic Therapy for Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"52","author":"Tomizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"779","article-title":"Effect of Sch 55700, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody to Human Interleukin-5, on Eosinophilic Responses and Bronchial Hyperreactivity","volume":"49","author":"Egan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200206-525OC","article-title":"Effect of SCH55700, a Humanized Anti-Human Interleukin-5 Antibody, in Severe Persistent Asthma","volume":"167","author":"Kips","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0396OC","article-title":"Reslizumab for Poorly Controlled, Eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"184","author":"Castro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00042-9","article-title":"Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: Results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"3","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.03.018","article-title":"Phase 3 Study of Reslizumab in Patients with Poorly Controlled Asthma","volume":"150","author":"Corren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.08.024","article-title":"Long-term Safety and Efficacy of Reslizumab in Patients with Eosinophilic Asthma","volume":"5","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-2009-0198","article-title":"Establishment of humanized anti-interleukin-5 receptor alpha chain monoclonal antibodies having a potent neutralizing activity","volume":"18","author":"Koike","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.004","article-title":"MEDI-563, a humanized anti\u2013IL-5 receptor \u03b1 mAb with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function","volume":"125","author":"Kolbeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26733","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202069200","article-title":"Lack of fucose on human IgG1 N-linked oligosaccharide improves binding to human Fcgamma RIII and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity","volume":"277","author":"Shields","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S157171","article-title":"Benralizumab, an add-on treatment for severe eosinophilic asthma: Evaluation of exacerbations, emergency department visits, lung function, and oral corticosteroid use","volume":"14","author":"Maselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.005","article-title":"Safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and biologic activity of MEDI-563, an anti-IL-5 receptor alpha antibody, in a phase I study of subjects with mild asthma","volume":"125","author":"Busse","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.020","article-title":"Effects of benralizumab on airway eosinophils in asthmatic patients with sputum eosinophilia","volume":"132","author":"Laviolette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70201-2","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin 5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, versus placebo for uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma: A phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study","volume":"2","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.09.036","article-title":"A randomized trial of benralizumab, an antiinterleukin 5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, after acute asthma","volume":"33","author":"Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31324-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting \u03b22-agonists (SIROCCO): A randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"Bleecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31322-8","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703501","article-title":"Oral Glucocorticoid\u2013Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma","volume":"376","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2022, November 10). AstraZeneca. FasenraTM (benralizumab). Prescribing Information. Available online: www.azpicentral.com\/fasenra\/fasenra_pi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15868","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015868","article-title":"Adverse events of benralizumab in moderate to severe eosinophilic asthma","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S224266","article-title":"Single-Use Autoinjector Functionality and Reliability for At-Home Administration af Benralizumab for Patients with Severe Asthma: GRECO Trial Results","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30406-5","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial","volume":"7","author":"Busse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.07.058","article-title":"Integrated Safety and Efficacy Among Patients Receiving Benralizumab for Up to 5 Years","volume":"9","author":"Korn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905248","article-title":"Benralizumab for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations","volume":"381","author":"Criner","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016395","article-title":"Benralizumab for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria","volume":"383","author":"Bernstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12667","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic analysis of dupilumab in adult and adolescent patients with asthma","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.01.002","article-title":"Dupilumab: Basic aspects and applications to allergic diseases","volume":"69","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.022","article-title":"Dupilumab progressively improves systemic and cutaneous abnormalities in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.08.005","article-title":"Dupilumab improves symptoms, quality of life, and productivity in uncontrolled persistent asthma","volume":"122","author":"Corren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804092","article-title":"Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"378","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106567","article-title":"Dupilumab in Children with Uncontrolled Moderate-to-Severe Asthma","volume":"385","author":"Bacharier","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610020","article-title":"Two Phase 3 Trials of Dupilumab versus Placebo in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"375","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.003","article-title":"Dupilumab prevents flares in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in a 52-week randomized controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"84","author":"Merola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): Results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials","volume":"394","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13685","article-title":"Dupilumab reduces local type 2 pro-inflammatory biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"74","author":"Jonstam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"301","article-title":"Dupilumab reduces systemic corticosteroid use sinonasal surgery rate in, C.R.S.w.N.P","volume":"59","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.01.012","article-title":"Dupilumab improves upper and lower airway disease control in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma","volume":"126","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"11","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma (TRAVERSE): An open-label extension study","volume":"10","author":"Ford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.11.059","article-title":"Tezepelumab, an anti\u2013thymic stromal lymphopoietin monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: A randomized phase 2a clinical trial","volume":"80","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402895","article-title":"Effects of an Anti-TSLP Antibody on Allergen-Induced Asthmatic Responses","volume":"370","author":"Gauvreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704064","article-title":"Tezepelumab in Adults with Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"377","author":"Corren","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.10.008","article-title":"Tezepelumab improves patient-reported outcomes in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma in, P.A.T.H.W.A.Y","volume":"126","author":"Corren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"384","author":"Corren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00537-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the oral corticosteroid-sparing effect of tezepelumab in adults with oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma (SOURCE): A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"10","author":"Kuna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1","article-title":"DESTINATION: A phase 3, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the long-term safety and tolerability of tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma","volume":"21","author":"Ponnarambil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S305114","article-title":"Functionality and Performance of an Accessorized Pre-Filled Syringe and an Autoinjector for At-Home Administration of Tezepelumab in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"14","author":"Alpizar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14221","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines\u2014Recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.935","article-title":"Increased IL-33 expression by epithelial cells in bronchial asthma","volume":"125","author":"Nadigel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024257","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Itepekimab in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Asthma","volume":"385","author":"Wechsler","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.03.043","article-title":"Allergen-induced expression of IL-25 and IL-25 receptor in atopic asthmatic airways and late-phase cutaneous responses","volume":"128","author":"Corrigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0321-z","article-title":"IL-25 and IL-33 induce Type 2 inflammation in basophils from subjects with allergic asthma","volume":"17","author":"Salter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014241108","article-title":"T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) memory T cell-potentiating cytokine IL-25 has the potential to promote angiogenesis in asthma","volume":"108","author":"Corrigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2318OC","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe asthma","volume":"188","author":"Busse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5909","article-title":"Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01659.x","article-title":"Preclinical development of CAT-354, an IL-13 neutralizing antibody, for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma","volume":"166","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106469","article-title":"Lebrikizumab Treatment in Adults with Asthma","volume":"365","author":"Corren","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2005.02299.x","article-title":"Inhibition of human interleukin-13-induced respiratory and oesophageal inflammation by anti-human-interleukin-13 antibody (CAT-354)","volume":"35","author":"Blanchard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S69932","article-title":"Profile of lebrikizumab and its potential in the treatment of asthma","volume":"8","author":"Maselli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206719","article-title":"Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma: Pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies","volume":"70","author":"Noonan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00223411","article-title":"A phase II placebo-controlled study of tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe asthma","volume":"41","author":"Piper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800948","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00948-2018","article-title":"Tralokinumab did not demonstrate oral corticosteroid-sparing effects in severe asthma","volume":"53","author":"Busse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30265-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lebrikizumab in patients with uncontrolled asthma (LAVOLTA I and LAVOLTA II): Replicate, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Korenblat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30184-X","article-title":"Tralokinumab for severe, uncontrolled asthma (STRATOS 1 and STRATOS 2): Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Wessman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.772","article-title":"An open-label, proof-of-concept study of lirentelimab for antihistamine-resistant chronic spontaneous and inducible urticaria","volume":"149","author":"Altrichter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.05.053","article-title":"Determination of Biopsy Yield That Optimally Detects Eosinophilic Gastritis and\/or Duodenitis in a Randomized Trial of Lirentelimab","volume":"20","author":"Dellon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/2\/270\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:31:03Z","timestamp":1760121063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/2\/270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16020270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16020270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}