{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:03:43Z","timestamp":1778569423191,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Physician Scientist Program of the Medical Faculty Heidelberg"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian cells require iron to satisfy their metabolic needs and to accomplish specialized functions, such as hematopoiesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, or oxygen transport. Iron homeostasis is balanced by the interplay of proteins responsible for iron import, storage, and export. A misbalance of iron homeostasis may cause either iron deficiencies or iron overload diseases. The clinical work-up of iron dysregulation is highly important, as severe symptoms and pathologies may arise. Treating iron overload or iron deficiency is important to avoid cellular damage and severe symptoms and improve patient outcomes. The impressive progress made in the past years in understanding mechanisms that maintain iron homeostasis has already changed clinical practice for treating iron-related diseases and is expected to improve patient management even further in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16030329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:31:55Z","timestamp":1677033115000},"page":"329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Interpreting Iron Homeostasis in Congenital and Acquired Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5509-3107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Scaramellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2086-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dania","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand R.","family":"Agarvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Medicine and Metabolic Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina U.","family":"Muckenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Side, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Immunology, and Hematology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.034","article-title":"A Red Carpet for Iron Metabolism","volume":"168","author":"Muckenthaler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00343-5","article-title":"Balancing Acts: Molecular Control of Mammalian Iron Metabolism","volume":"117","author":"Hentze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100866","article-title":"Basics and principles of cellular and systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"75","author":"Katsarou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. 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