{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:17:20Z","timestamp":1784546240901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"C.-C.C."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viola canescens Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of V. canescens extracts both in vivo and in silico. This study applied molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of V. canescens and to find the most effective phytocompounds with antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal activity of V. canescens was assessed utilizing the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay and the charcoal meal assay. Antidiarrheal characteristics were evaluated by measuring parameters such as intestinal motility, fecal score, and hypersecretion. The V. canescens extract had a dose-dependent and statistically significant impact in the charcoal meal assay and castor oil-induced diarrhea assay. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay, the ethyl acetate fraction (65.96%) showed the highest percentage of defecation inhibition at the highest dose (300 mg\/kg (bw)), followed by the uncorrected crystalline compound (63.83%), crude alkaloids (63.83%), chloroform fraction (63.83%), and crude flavonoids (55.32%), while the aqueous fraction (40.43%) and n-Hexane fraction (42.55%) revealed the lowest antidiarrheal potential. In addition, the molecular docking investigation showed emetine, quercetin, and violanthin, isolated chemicals of V. canescens, to have the highest binding affinity to the target \u03bc and \u03b4 opioid receptors with significant inhibitory capacity. These pharmacologically active metabolites in V. canescens were effective in treating diarrhea. This study lends credence to the traditional usage of V. canescens in treating gastrointestinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T03:31:48Z","timestamp":1679887908000},"page":"489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antidiarrheal Potential of Viola canescens: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmet of Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Shaqra 13253, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosheen","family":"Malak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayaz","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barkat","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasreen","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600566, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umer, S., Tekewe, A., and Kebede, N. 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