{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1790250355414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune system protects the body from infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Once encountered with pathogens or antigens, the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system trigger a strong immune response to eliminate them from the system and protect the body. Thus, well-balanced immunity is pivotal for maintaining human health, as an insufficient level of immune defense leads to infections and tumors. In contrast, the excessive functioning of the immune system causes the development of autoimmune diseases and allergies. Strong immunity requires adequate nutrition, dietary interventions, and sufficient intake of certain vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin D, and folic acid) and minerals (magnesium, zinc, and selenium). Therefore, nutritional and micronutrient deficiencies lead to compromised immunity. Several natural ingredients have shown potent immunomodulatory properties. The immune-enhancing properties of many plants and fungi are due to containing bioactive phytoconstituents such as polyphenols, terpenoids, \u03b2-glucans, vitamins, etc. Probiotics and prebiotics can be used as innovative tools to reduce intestinal inflammation and downregulate hypersensitivity reactions. Plant sources of melatonin, a multifunctional molecule with proven anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, have been discovered relatively recently. The bioactive compounds augment the immune response by directly increasing the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Many phytoconstituents prevent cell damage due to their powerful antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present review attempts to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune-enhancing properties of some bioactive compounds from plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms, and other natural sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:32:27Z","timestamp":1680489147000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Natural Ingredients to Improve Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2165-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Gasmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francophone de Nutrith\u00e9rapie et de Nutrig\u00e9n\u00e9tique Appliqu\u00e9e, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1070-6739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariia","family":"Shanaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1491-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandra","family":"Oleshchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1324-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Semenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, 5\/1 Kerey and Zhanibek Khandar Str., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Mujawdiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inochi Care Private Limited, New Delhi 110017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Ivankiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Pokryshko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salva","family":"Piscopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Francophone de Nutrith\u00e9rapie et de Nutrig\u00e9n\u00e9tique Appliqu\u00e9e, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Research and Development, Nutri-Logics SA, 9990 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stepan","family":"Adamiv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Odessa National Medical University, 65000 Odessa, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geir","family":"Bj\u00f8rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, 8610 Mo i Rana, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catanzaro, M., Corsini, E., Rosini, M., Racchi, M., and Lanni, C. (2018). Immunomodulators Inspired by Nature: A Review on Curcumin and Echinacea. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23112778"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04904-7","article-title":"An overview of the immune system","volume":"357","author":"Parkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raducanu, A.E., Tihauan, B.M., Marinas, I.C., Ciuperca, O.T., Tebrencu, C.E., Ionescu, E., and Onisei, T. (2021). The Biological Effects of Novel Nutraceuticals with Curcuminoids and Other Plant-Derived Immunomodulators and Pre-Probiotics. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050666"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tieu, S., Charchoglyan, A., Wagter-Lesperance, L., Karimi, K., Bridle, B., Karrow, N., and Mallard, B. (2022). Immunoceuticals: Harnessing Their Immunomodulatory Potential to Promote Health and Wellness. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.21083\/surg.v14i1.7082"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.633249","article-title":"Immunity: Plants as Effective Mediators","volume":"54","author":"Sultan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113154","article-title":"Food nutrients as inherent sources of immunomodulation during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"158","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lebensm.-Wiss. Und-Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczorek, P.P., Hudz, N., Yezerska, O., Horcinova-Sedlackova, V., Shanaida, M., Korytniuk, O., and Jasicka-Misiak, I. (2022). Chemical Variability and Pharmacological Potential of Propolis as a Source for the Development of New Pharmaceutical Products. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051600"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilina, T., Kashpur, N., Granica, S., Bazylko, A., Shinkovenko, I., Kovalyova, A., Goryacha, O., and Koshovyi, O. (2019). Phytochemical Profiles and In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Galium aparine L.. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8120541"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2012.754.774","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional\/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines","volume":"15","author":"Mahima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassoun, A., Harastani, R., Jagtap, S., Trollman, H., Garcia-Garcia, G., Awad, N., Zannou, O., Galanakis, C., G\u00f6k\u015fen, G., and Nayik, G. (2022). Truths and myths about superfoods in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2106939"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153361","article-title":"Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic COVID-19 battle","volume":"85","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115420","article-title":"An exhaustive comprehension of the role of herbal medicines in Pre- and Post-COVID manifestations","volume":"296","author":"Prajapati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813095","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5813095","article-title":"Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds\u2014Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients\/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds","volume":"2018","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.11.019","article-title":"Supplementation with aged garlic extract improves both NK and \u03b3\u03b4-T cell function and reduces the severity of cold and flu symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled nutrition intervention","volume":"31","author":"Nantz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.11.006","article-title":"Beta-Glucan successfully stimulated the immune system in different jawed vertebrate species","volume":"62","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1719","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and immunity booster green foods: A mini review","volume":"8","author":"Arshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.01.006","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids and modulation of natural killer cells: Implications in malignant and viral diseases","volume":"46","author":"Burkard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasmi, A., Mujawdiya, P.K., Noor, S., Lysiuk, R., Darmohray, R., Piscopo, S., Lenchyk, L., Antonyak, H., Dehtiarova, K., and Shanaida, M. (2022). Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196280"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903991","article-title":"Immunosuppressive effect of quercetin on dendritic cell activation and function","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201023666220330005020","article-title":"Antipyretic Medicinal Plants, Phytocompounds, and Green Nanoparticles: An Updated Review","volume":"24","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149223","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3149223","article-title":"Nano-Derived Therapeutic Formulations with Curcumin in Inflammation-Related Diseases","volume":"2021","author":"Quispe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u00fccel, \u00c7., \u015eeker Karatoprak, G., Bahadir, O., Akkol, E., Barak, T.H., Sobarzo-S\u00c1Nchez, E., Aschner, M., and Shirooie, S. (2022). Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of gingerols and their nanoformulations. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.902551"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545541","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3 regulates NK-cell cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and degranulation in women with recurrent pregnancy losses","volume":"45","author":"Ota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Paul, S., Roy, S., Sutradhar, H., Emran, T., Nainu, F., Khandaker, M., Almalki, M., Wilairatana, P., and Mubarak, M. (2022). Exploring the Immune-Boosting Functions of Vitamins and Minerals as Nutritional Food Bioactive Compounds: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020555"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"308249","article-title":"Propolis: A wonder bees product and its pharmacological potentials","volume":"2013","author":"Wagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleshchuk, O., Ivankiv, Y., Falfushynska, H., Mudra, A., and Lisnychuk, N. (2019). Hepatoprotective Effect of Melatonin in Toxic Liver Injury in Rats. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55060304"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.67.e55437","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of melatonin supplementation in experimental diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Ivankiv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2021.1873214","article-title":"Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties","volume":"19","author":"Yates","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6648","article-title":"Investigation of rosemary herbal extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis) and their potential effects on immunity","volume":"34","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712608","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712608","article-title":"Effects of Citrus Fruit Juices and Their Bioactive Components on Inflammation and Immunity: A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Miles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2018.00571.1","article-title":"Determination of triterpenoids in some Lamiaceae species","volume":"7","author":"Shanaida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829101","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.829101","article-title":"Daily Consumption of Lemon and Ginger Herbal Infusion Caused Tumor Regression and Activation of the Immune System in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Talib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.01.048","article-title":"The effect of ginger supplementation on some immunity and inflammation intermediate genes expression in patients with active Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"698","author":"Aryaeian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"12","article-title":"The modulatory influence of some Echinacea-based remedies on antibody production and cellular immunity in mice","volume":"41","author":"Sokolnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cent.-Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilina, T., Skowronska, W., Kashpur, N., Granica, S., Bazylko, A., Kovalyova, A., Goryacha, O., and Koshovyi, O. (2020). Immunomodulatory Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Infusions from Cleavers Herb. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163721"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"59","article-title":"In vitro anticancer activity screening of Iridaceae plant extracts","volume":"10","author":"Mykhailenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00060","article-title":"Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines","volume":"8","author":"Williamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomford, N.E., Senthebane, D.A., Rowe, A., Munro, D., Seele, P., Maroyi, A., and Dzobo, K. (2018). Natural Products for Drug Discovery in the 21st Century: Innovations for Novel Drug Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061578"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4510","article-title":"The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era","volume":"14","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6873","article-title":"Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies","volume":"35","author":"Boozari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1810778","article-title":"Targeting COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease through active phytochemicals of ayurvedic medicinal plants\u2014Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)\u2014A molecular docking study","volume":"40","author":"Shree","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2022.04.003","article-title":"Usage of nutritional supplements to improve immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online survey","volume":"43","author":"Francis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Kury, L.T., Taha, Z., Mahmod, A.I., and Talib, W.H. (2022). Xanthium spinosum L. Extracts Inhibit Breast Cancer in Mice by Apoptosis Induction and Immune System Modulation. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121504"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drenkhan, R., Kaldm\u00e4e, H., Silm, M., Adamson, K., Bleive, U., Aluvee, A., Erik, M., and Raal, A. (2022). Comparative Analyses of Bioactive Compounds in Inonotus obliquus Conks Growing on Alnus and Betula. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091178"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.12.045","article-title":"Effects of triterpenes on the immune system","volume":"128","author":"Rios","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter, C., Eyerich, S., Sarin, T., and Klatt, K.C. (2020). Nutrition and the Immune System: A Complicated Tango. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030818"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7176","article-title":"Sulforaphane: A review of its therapeutic potentials, advances in its nanodelivery, recent patents, and clinical trials","volume":"35","author":"Mangla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1078\/094471103321648692","article-title":"Medicinal properties of Echinacea: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Barrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.03.006","article-title":"Synergistic immunomopharmacological effects of N-alkylamides in Echinacea purpurea herbal extracts","volume":"9","author":"Chicca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.9.669","article-title":"Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea","volume":"81","author":"Luettig","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.12.019","article-title":"Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench modulates human T-cell cytokine response","volume":"19","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01439-2","article-title":"Author Correction: In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce\u00ae, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruses, including common cold coronavirus 229E and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"17","author":"Signer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vimalanathan, S., Shehata, M., Sadasivam, K., Delbue, S., Dolci, M., Pariani, E., D\u2019Alessandro, S., and Pleschka, S. (2022). Broad Antiviral Effects of Echinacea purpurea against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Potential Mechanism of Action. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112145"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856410","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.856410","article-title":"Echinacea Purpurea For the Long-Term Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized, Open, Controlled, Exploratory Clinical Study","volume":"13","author":"Kolev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2021.07.003","article-title":"An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment","volume":"19","author":"Fuzimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2008.11.001","article-title":"Artemisia afra: A potential flagship for African medicinal plants?","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00525.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis on selected Bacteria and yeast strains","volume":"28","author":"Ncube","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252758","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/252758","article-title":"Antimicrobial Constituents of Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. against Periodontal Pathogens","volume":"2012","author":"More","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215872","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/215872","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of artemisinin and precursor derived from in vitro plantlets of Artemisia annua L.","volume":"2014","author":"Appalasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S75484","article-title":"An extract of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua modulates production of inflammatory markers in activated neutrophils","volume":"8","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00221","article-title":"Danger of Herbal Tea: A Case of Acute Cholestatic Hepatitis Due to Artemisia annua Tea","volume":"6","author":"Haefliger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112127","article-title":"Artemisia afra, a controversial herbal remedy or a treasure trove of new drugs?","volume":"244","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.004","article-title":"Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-011-9328-6","article-title":"Fermentation of Korean red ginseng by Lactobacillus plantarum M-2 and its immunological activities","volume":"165","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30076-5","article-title":"Effect of ginseng polysaccharides and dendritic cells on the balance of Th1\/Th2 T helper cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-014-0283-1","article-title":"A 14-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng polysaccharide (Y-75)","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3840","article-title":"Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3856","DOI":"10.17795\/ijcp-3856","article-title":"Individually and Combined Water-Based Exercise with Ginger Supplement, on Systemic Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome Indices, Among the Obese Women with Breast Neoplasms","volume":"8","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520622666220516142839","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic Role of Polyphenols Present in Ocimum sanctum","volume":"22","author":"Khatoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401630","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/401630","article-title":"Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds","volume":"2015","author":"Arreola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-268","article-title":"Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"333","article-title":"The effects of twenty-four nutrients and phytonutrients on immune system function and inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Poles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasmi, A., Mujawdiya, P.K., Lysiuk, R., Shanaida, M., Peana, M., Gasmi Benahmed, A., Beley, N., Kovalska, N., and Bjorklund, G. (2022). Quercetin in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronavirus Infections: A Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091049"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakoor, H., Feehan, J., Apostolopoulos, V., Platat, C., Al Dhaheri, A.S., Ali, H.I., Ismail, L.C., Bosevski, M., and Stojanovska, L. (2021). Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030728"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1358139","article-title":"Immune modulation by curcumin: The role of interleukin-10","volume":"59","author":"Mollazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10708-7","article-title":"Health benefits of xylitol","volume":"104","author":"Gasmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salli, K., Lehtinen, M.J., Tiihonen, K., and Ouwehand, A.C. (2019). Xylitol\u2019s Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081813"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.194044","article-title":"Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid","volume":"10","author":"Arulmoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2016.1140093","article-title":"The Effect of Quercetin on Inflammatory Factors and Clinical Symptoms in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Javadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1604491","article-title":"The effects of quercetin supplementation on lipid profiles and inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.4.338","article-title":"The acute effect of ingesting a quercetin-based supplement on exercise-induced inflammation and immune changes in runners","volume":"21","author":"Konrad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451000156X","article-title":"A 12-week supplementation with quercetin does not affect natural killer cell activity, granulocyte oxidative burst activity or granulocyte phagocytosis in female human subjects","volume":"104","author":"Heinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102380","article-title":"Effect of Propolis Intake on Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"50","author":"Jalali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43838-8","article-title":"The Effect of Iranian Propolis on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance, Renal Function and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Zakerkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170630","article-title":"Brazilian Green Propolis Prevents Cognitive Decline into Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly People Living at High Altitude","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Pu, L., Wei, J., Li, J., Wu, J., Zhonghao, X., Gao, W., and Guo, C. (2016). Brazilian Green Propolis Improves Antioxidant Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050498"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507578","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2507578","article-title":"Propolis as an Adjuvant in the Healing of Human Diabetic Foot Wounds Receiving Care in the Diagnostic and Treatment Centre from the Regional Hospital of Talca","volume":"2019","author":"Mujica","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S71505","article-title":"The effect of a unique propolis compound (PropoelixTM) on clinical outcomes in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever","volume":"7","author":"Lardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13765","article-title":"Extraction and Isolation of beta-Glucan from Grain Sources-A Review","volume":"82","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina43080076","article-title":"Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system","volume":"43","author":"Akramiene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-S., Ho, S.-Y., Nan, F.-H., and Chen, S.-N. (2016). Ganoderma lucidum beta 1,3\/1,6 glucan as an immunomodulator in inflammation induced by a high-cholesterol diet. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1476-3"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.10.087","article-title":"Immunostimulatory activities of beta-d-glucan from Ganoderma Lucidum","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115521","article-title":"Isolation and comparison of alpha- and beta-D-glucans from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) with different biological activities","volume":"229","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139330","article-title":"beta-Glucan extracts from the same edible shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes produce differential in-vitro immunomodulatory and pulmonary cytoprotective effects\u2014Implications for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) immunotherapies","volume":"732","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushr.v13.i4.10","article-title":"Supplementation with a soluble beta-glucan exported from Shiitake medicinal mushroom, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) singer mycelium: A crossover, placebo-controlled study in healthy elderly","volume":"13","author":"Gaullier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"193","article-title":"A phase II controlled study of a combination of the immune modulator, lentinan, with didanosine (ddI) in HIV patients with CD4 cells of 200\u2013500\/mm3","volume":"26","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.J., Jung, E.S., Choi, E.K., Sin, H.S., Ha, K.C., and Chae, S.W. (2019). Immunomodulatory effects of a mycelium extract of Cordyceps (Paecilomyces hepiali; CBG-CS-2): A randomized and double-blind clinical trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2483-y"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiderle, F., Baggio, C., Borato, D., Santana-Filho, A., Sassaki, G., Iacomini, M., and Van Griensven, L. (2014). Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris Might Be Related to Its Linear (1\u21923)-\u03b2-D-Glucan. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110266"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.3350","article-title":"Cordyceps militaris Enhances Cell-Mediated Immunity in Healthy Korean Men","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02962.x","article-title":"Oral administration of a new soluble branched \u03b2-1,3-D-glucan is well tolerated and can lead to increased salivary concentrations of immunoglobulin A in healthy volunteers","volume":"143","author":"Lehne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.11.004","article-title":"Enhancement of the Th1-phenotype immune system by the intake of Oyster mushroom (Tamogitake) extract in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.06.006","article-title":"Efficacy of a Low Dose of Melatonin as an Adjunctive Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial","volume":"53","author":"Farnoosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocheva, G., Slominski, R.M., Janjetovic, Z., Kim, T.K., Bohm, M., Steinbrink, K., Reiter, R.J., Kleszczynski, K., and Slominski, A.T. (2022). Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031238"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talib, W.H., Alsayed, A.R., Abuawad, A., Daoud, S., and Mahmod, A.I. (2021). Melatonin in Cancer Treatment: Current Knowledge and Future Opportunities. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092506"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10906","article-title":"The role of melatonin as an adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Faridzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.09.744","article-title":"Micronutrients for potential therapeutic use against COVID-19; a review","volume":"46","author":"Giovane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821824","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.821824","article-title":"Melatonin, Zinc, and Vitamin C: Potential Adjuvant Treatment for COVID-19 Patients","volume":"8","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117583","article-title":"COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjorklund, G., Shanaida, M., Lysiuk, R., Antonyak, H., Klishch, I., Shanaida, V., and Peana, M. (2022). Selenium: An Antioxidant with a Critical Role in Anti-Aging. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196613"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castiglione, D., Platania, A., Conti, A., Falla, M., D\u2019Urso, M., and Marranzano, M. (2018). Dietary Micronutrient and Mineral Intake in the Mediterranean Healthy Eating, Ageing, and Lifestyle (MEAL) Study. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7070079"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.102324","article-title":"Vitamin C and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Rawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CR215","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.882621","article-title":"Intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of shingles: Results of a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Schencking","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2011.01286.x","article-title":"Supplementing vitamins C and E to standard triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"37","author":"Sezikli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06558-0","article-title":"Effect of adjunctive vitamin C, glucocorticoids, and vitamin B1 on longer-term mortality in adults with sepsis or septic shock: A systematic review and a component network meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Fujii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and health\u2014The missing vitamin in humans","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ao, T., Kikuta, J., and Ishii, M. (2021). The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111624"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa010","article-title":"Vitamin D Status of Adults in the Community, in Outpatient Clinics, in Hospital, and in Nursing Homes in the West of Ireland","volume":"75","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, M., and Kim, H. (2020). Mini-Review on the Roles of Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Selenium in the Immune System against COVID-19. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225346"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101509","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin D and immune system function in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unit","volume":"26","author":"Mahmoodpoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailhot, G., and White, J.H. (2020). Vitamin D and Immunity in Infants and Children. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051233"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3199","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation decreases immune activation and exhaustion in HIV-1-infected youth","volume":"23","author":"Eckard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01208-4","article-title":"Thirteen weeks of supplementation of vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement attenuates chronic low-grade inflammation in sarcopenic older adults: The PROVIDE study","volume":"31","author":"Liberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2022, November 30). Folate, Folate\u2014Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: US National Institutes of Health, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/folate-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0579-6","article-title":"High-dose cholecalciferol supplementation significantly increases peripheral CD4+ Tregs in healthy adults without negatively affecting the frequency of other immune cells","volume":"53","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.1958298","article-title":"Folic acid enhances proinflammatory and antiviral molecular pathways in chicken B-lymphocytes infected with a mild infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"63","author":"Nazeer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2063341","article-title":"Folic acid: A potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voelkle, M., Gregoriano, C., Neyer, P., Koch, D., Kutz, A., Bernasconi, L., Conen, A., Mueller, B., and Schuetz, P. (2022). Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091862"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.015","article-title":"ESPEN micronutrient guideline","volume":"41","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razzaque, M. (2018). Magnesium: Are We Consuming Enough?. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121863"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-021-00328-7","article-title":"\u2018Magnesium\u2019-the master cation-as a drug\u2014Possibilities and evidences","volume":"34","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843152","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.843152","article-title":"Can Maintaining Optimal Magnesium Balance Reduce the Disease Severity of COVID-19 Patients?","volume":"13","author":"Eskander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1785971","article-title":"Combating COVID-19 and Building Immune Resilience: A Potential Role for Magnesium Nutrition?","volume":"39","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002","article-title":"Magnesium and inflammation: Advances and perspectives","volume":"115","author":"Maier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02704-y","article-title":"The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Trapani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorentini, D., Cappadone, C., Farruggia, G., and Prata, C. (2021). Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041136"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weyh, C., Kruger, K., Peeling, P., and Castell, L. (2022). The Role of Minerals in the Optimal Functioning of the Immune System. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030644"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4070611","article-title":"Zinc intake and its dietary sources: Results of the 2007 Australian National Children\u2019s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey","volume":"4","author":"Rangan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1862048","article-title":"Zinc supplementation and immune factors in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"62","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109848","article-title":"Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"144","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982032","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.982032","article-title":"Circulating trace elements status in COVID-19 disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010418","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.010418","article-title":"Zinc as an adjunct therapy in the management of severe pneumonia among Gambian children: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Howie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa037","article-title":"Daily Preventive Zinc Supplementation Decreases Lymphocyte and Eosinophil Concentrations in Rural Laotian Children from Communities with a High Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"150","author":"Kewcharoenwong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"768","article-title":"Zinc: An essential micronutrient","volume":"79","author":"Saper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","article-title":"Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System","volume":"41","author":"Wessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.013","article-title":"Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research","volume":"155","author":"Razaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109878","article-title":"Selenium supplementation in the prevention of coronavirus infections (COVID-19)","volume":"143","author":"Kieliszek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-021-00354-4","article-title":"A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"10","author":"Khatiwada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1039\/d0mt00165a","article-title":"Se deficiency induces renal pathological changes by regulating selenoprotein expression, disrupting redox balance, and activating inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127044","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients","volume":"73","author":"Fath","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-019-01671-z","article-title":"Emerging Selenium Nanoparticles to Combat Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Vahidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(97)00136-0","article-title":"Probiotics","volume":"39","author":"Guarner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.361s","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics--approaching a definition","volume":"73","author":"Schrezenmeir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544490","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.544490","article-title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Paraprobiotics as a Therapeutic Alternative for Intestinal Mucositis","volume":"11","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubiech, K., and Twaruzek, M. (2020). Lactobacillus Bacteria in Breast Milk. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123783"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940454","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.940454","article-title":"Probiotics and probiotic-based vaccines: A novel approach for improving vaccine efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Kazemifard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.31640\/LS-2014-12-09","article-title":"The Use of Probiotics in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Kuchmak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lik. Sprava"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics1020006","article-title":"Involvement of Probiotics and Postbiotics in the Immune System Modulation","volume":"1","author":"Capasso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424123","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/424123","article-title":"Probiotics as Antiviral Agents in Shrimp Aquaculture","volume":"2013","author":"Lakshmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naghibzadeh, N., Salmani, F., Nomiri, S., and Tavakoli, T. (2022). Investigating the effect of quadruple therapy with Saccharomyces boulardii or Lactobacillus reuteri strain (DSMZ 17648) supplements on eradication of Helicobacter pylori and treatments adverse effects: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02187-z"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.553752","article-title":"Probiotics and its functionally valuable products-a review","volume":"53","author":"Kanmani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01563-06","article-title":"Induction of Human -Defensin 2 by the Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Is Mediated through Flagellin","volume":"75","author":"Schlee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15541","article-title":"Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Inhibits Bacterial Persisters that Survive Fluoroquinolone Treatment","volume":"132","author":"Hare","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03587.x","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli and VSL#3 induce enterocyte beta-defensin 2","volume":"151","author":"Schlee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15153","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum (MTCC-5898) alleviates Escherichia coli-induced inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells by modulating immune genes and NF-kappaB signalling","volume":"131","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8008","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27559","article-title":"Probiotics importance and their immunomodulatory properties","volume":"234","author":"Yousefi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.16","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acids produced by Lactobacillus dissociates IKK-gamma and Hsp90 complex in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2174","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of probiotics as adjuvant agents for Helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.969972","article-title":"Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model","volume":"5","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23404-4","article-title":"The molecular mechanism for activating IgA production by Pediococcus acidilactici K15 and the clinical impact in a randomized trial","volume":"8","author":"Kawashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.05.004","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of single- and multi-strain probiotics: Inter-species inhibition between probiotic strains, and inhibition of pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"337","article-title":"Two Lactobacillus strains, isolated from breast milk, differently modulate the immune response","volume":"102","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000517","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1000517","article-title":"The promotion mechanism of prebiotics for probiotics: A review","volume":"9","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00226D","article-title":"Probiotic Escherichia coli NISSLE 1917 for inflammatory bowel disease applications","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18316","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis Induces Protective Colonic PD-L1 and Foxp3 Regulatory T Cells in an Acute Murine Experimental Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Joe, J.T., Shi Sung, H.T., Wu, J.L., Lai, Y.S., and Lu, M.W. (2021). Dietary Administration of Novel Multistrain Probiotics from Healthy Grouper Intestines Promotes the Intestinal Immune Response against NNV Infection. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11101053"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13069","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium adolescentis against rotavirus infection monitored by NSP4 protein production","volume":"120","author":"Olaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0633-0","article-title":"Erratum to: Antiviral activity of Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis against Coxsackievirus A and Enterovirus 71 infection in human skeletal muscle and colon cell lines","volume":"13","author":"Ang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loniewski, I., Skonieczna-Zydecka, K., Solek-Pastuszka, J., and Marlicz, W. (2022). Probiotics in the Management of Mental and Gastrointestinal Post-COVID Symptomes. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175155"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.12.033","article-title":"Evidences and perspectives of the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as adjuvants for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Padilha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041357","article-title":"Inulin, oligofructose and immunomodulation","volume":"93","author":"Watzl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12409","article-title":"Impact of prebiotics on immune response: From the bench to the clinic","volume":"99","author":"Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2563S","article-title":"Inulin and oligofructose: Review of experimental data on immune modulation","volume":"137","author":"Seifert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00961","article-title":"Human Gut-Associated Natural Killer Cells in Health and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Poggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhrmann, L., Vahjen, W., Zentek, J., Gunther, R., and Saliu, E.M. (2022). The Impact of Pre- and Probiotic Product Combinations on Ex vivo Growth of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Enteritidis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010121"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuntar, I., Petric, Z., Bursac Kovacevic, D., and Putnik, P. (2020). Safety of Probiotics: Functional Fruit Beverages and Nutraceuticals. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9070947"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106269","article-title":"Data on global analysis of clinical trials with probiotics","volume":"32","author":"Dronkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"8854119","article-title":"Clinical Trials of Probiotic Strains in Selected Disease Entities","volume":"2020","author":"Junka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14724","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14724","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Disease Progression, Depression, General Health and Anthropometric Measurements in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"75","author":"Mirashrafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Approach to probiotics in pediatrics: The role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"120","author":"Burgos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Argent. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccherini, C., Daniotti, S., Bearzi, C., and Re, I. (2022). Evaluating the Efficacy of Probiotics in IBS Treatment Using a Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132689"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.041","article-title":"Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features","volume":"174","author":"Zmora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/AJMAH\/2016\/29244","article-title":"Drug Interactions, Safety and Efficacy of Probiotics","volume":"1","author":"Mikawlrawng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74953-8","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria: Selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods","volume":"83","author":"Shah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.790780","article-title":"Non-dairy Based Probiotics: A Healthy Treat for Intestine","volume":"56","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2023, March 28). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/fs_management\/probiotics2\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak, P., and Slizewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2018.0159","article-title":"Dealing with the remaining controversies of probiotic safety","volume":"10","author":"Claassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09791-7","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of Probiotics: Perspectives on Research and Commercialization","volume":"14","author":"Yoha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185034","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185034","article-title":"Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Merenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1586039","article-title":"Probiotics in the next-generation sequencing era","volume":"11","author":"Suez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.104","article-title":"Probiotic supplements might not be universally-effective and safe: A review","volume":"111","author":"Kothari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/4\/528\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:08:19Z","timestamp":1760123299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/4\/528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16040528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16040528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}}}