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Fluoxetine was recently revealed to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, and NLRP3 inhibition could serve as a target for immunotherapy resistance. Therefore, we evaluated the overall survival (OS) in patients with cancer receiving checkpoint inhibitors combined with fluoxetine. A cohort study was conducted among patients diagnosed with lung, throat (pharynx or larynx), skin, or kidney\/urinary cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Utilizing the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, patients were retrospectively evaluated during the period from October 2015 to June 2021. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Patients were followed until death or the end of the study period. There were 2316 patients evaluated, including 34 patients who were exposed to checkpoint inhibitors and fluoxetine. Propensity score weighted Cox proportional hazards demonstrated a better OS in fluoxetine-exposed patients than unexposed (HR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.371\u20130.936). This cohort study among cancer patients treated with checkpoint inhibitor therapy showed a significant improvement in the OS when fluoxetine was used. Because of this study\u2019s potential for selection bias, randomized trials are needed to assess the efficacy of the association of fluoxetine or another anti-NLRP3 drug to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:38:07Z","timestamp":1682307487000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association between Fluoxetine Use and Overall Survival among Patients with Cancer Treated with PD-1\/L1 Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8568-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Magagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Narendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7978-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy H.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Scott","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayakrishna","family":"Ambati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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