{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T06:37:24Z","timestamp":1770964644195,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007614","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DSR2020-04-515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR2020-04-515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ethanol-producing dysbiotic gut microbiota could accelerate the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metformin demonstrated some benefits in NAFLD. In the present study, we tested the ability of metformin to modify ethanol-producing gut bacterial strains and, consequently, retard the progress of NAFLD. This 12-week study included forty mice divided into four groups (n = 10); normal diet, Western diet, Western diet with intraperitoneal metformin, and Western diet with oral metformin. Oral metformin has a slight advantage over intraperitoneal metformin in ameliorating the Western diet\u2013induced changes in liver function tests and serum levels of different cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-\u03b1). Changes in liver histology, fibrosis, lipid content, Ki67, and TNF-\u03b1 were all corrected as well. Faecal ethanol contents were increased by the Western diet but did not improve after treatment with metformin although the numbers of ethanol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were decreased by oral metformin. Metformin did not affect bacterial ethanol production. It does not seem that modification of ethanol-producing K. pneumoniae and E. coli bacterial strains by metformin could have a significant impact on the therapeutic potentials of metformin in this experimental model of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1682648876000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection and Quantification of Some Ethanol-Producing Bacterial Strains in the Gut of Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Role of Metformin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abouelkheir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2790-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Taher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira S. R.","family":"Eladl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Horus University, Damietta 34511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia A.","family":"Shabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona F. M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5766-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"434","article-title":"Non alcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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