{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:53:57Z","timestamp":1784584437538,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]],"date-time":"2023-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Statins have been established in the market not only due to their ability to lower plasma cholesterol levels but also due to their pleiotropic effects. In the literature, there is a controversy regarding the role of statins in ophthalmology. We aimed to systematically address the possible effect of statin therapy on ocular diseases and to identify if there is a beneficial relationship. Methods: We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library databases up to 31 December 2022 for studies evaluating the effect of statins on ocular diseases. We included all relevant Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) that have been conducted in the adult population. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022364328. Results: Nineteen RCTs were finally considered eligible for this systematic review, with a total of 28,940 participants. Ten studies investigated the role of simvastatin, suggesting a lack of cataractogenic effect and a possible protective role in cataract formation, retinal vascular diseases, and especially diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular disease progression, and non-infectious uveitis. Four studies investigated lovastatin, showing no cataractogenic effect. Three studies examined atorvastatin, revealing conflicting results regarding diabetic retinopathy. Two studies examined rosuvastatin, indicating a possibly harmful effect on lenses and a significant protective effect on retinal microvasculature. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we believe that statins have no cataractogenic effect. There are indications that statins may have a protective role against cataract formation, AMD, diabetic retinopathy progression, and non-infectious uveitis. However, our results were insufficient for any robust conclusion. Future RCTs, with large sample sizes, on the current topic are therefore recommended to provide more solid evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T03:00:28Z","timestamp":1683514828000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Statins on Ocular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charoula","family":"Lymperopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2912-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos A.","family":"Kandarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ophthalmology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st University Eye Clinic, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismini","family":"Tzanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1032-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Mylona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Serres, 62210 Serres, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Xanthos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 10434 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris P.","family":"Agouridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-15-1-23","article-title":"Statins: Then and Now","volume":"15","author":"Toth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc. 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