{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:14:31Z","timestamp":1790363671617,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI125160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1542015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["R01AI125160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125160"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["ECCS-1542015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1542015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has infected one-quarter of the world\u2019s population and led to the deaths of 1.6 million individuals in 2021 according to estimates from the World Health Organization. The rise in prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant M.tb strains coupled with insufficient therapies to treat such strains has motivated the development of more effective treatments and\/or delivery modalities. Bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline antimycobacterial agent, effectively targets mycobacterial ATP synthase but may lead to systemic complications upon oral delivery. Targeted delivery of bedaquiline to the lungs represents an alternative strategy to harness the sterilizing benefits of the drug against M.tb while mitigating off-target side effects. Two pulmonary delivery modalities were developed herein, including dry powder inhalation and liquid instillation. Despite bedaquiline\u2019s poor water solubility, spray drying was performed in predominantly aqueous conditions (\u226580%) to avoid a closed-loop, inert system. Aerosols of spray-dried bedaquiline with L-leucine excipient outperformed spray-dried bedaquiline alone, demonstrating superior fine particle fraction metrics (~89% of the emitted dose below &lt;5 \u00b5m), suitable for inhalation therapies. Furthermore, the use of a 2-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin excipient allowed a molecular dispersion of bedaquiline in an aqueous solution for liquid instillation. Both delivery modalities were successfully administered to Hartley guinea pigs for pharmacokinetic analysis and were well-tolerated by the animals. Intrapulmonary liquid delivery of bedaquiline led to adequate serum absorption and appropriate peak serum concentrations of the drug. The liquid formulation was superior in systemic uptake compared to the powder formulation. The predominant route via which M.tb bacilli enter the body is aerosol droplets that are deposited onto airway surfaces. For this reason, we believe that further studies should focus on inhalation or intrapulmonary therapies that target the site of entry and primary site of infection for M.tb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T03:22:19Z","timestamp":1683775339000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Preparation Strategies of the Anti-Mycobacterial Drug Bedaquiline for Intrapulmonary Routes of Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara E.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-632X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian E.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan K.","family":"Podell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadley E.","family":"Gary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Mecham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3806-040X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan J.","family":"Berube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhea N.","family":"Coler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). 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