{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:41:02Z","timestamp":1791726062124,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","award":["6251\/N04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6251\/N04"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","award":["6555\/1N02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6555\/1N02"]}]},{"name":"UTAR Research Fund (UTARRF)","award":["6251\/N04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6251\/N04"]}]},{"name":"UTAR Research Fund (UTARRF)","award":["6555\/1N02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6555\/1N02"]}]},{"name":"UTAR Research Scholarship Scheme (UTAR-RSS)","award":["6251\/N04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6251\/N04"]}]},{"name":"UTAR Research Scholarship Scheme (UTAR-RSS)","award":["6555\/1N02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6555\/1N02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycobacteria form some of the most notorious and difficult-to-treat bacterial pathogens. As a group, they are intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, such as tetracyclines and beta-lactams. In addition to intrinsic resistances, acquired multidrug resistance has also been observed and documented in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Mycobacterium leprae and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). To combat multidrug resistant infections by these pathogens, innovative antimicrobials and treatment regimens are required. In this regard, linezolid, an oxazolidinone introduced for clinical use just two decades ago, was added to the therapeutic armamentarium for drug-resistant mycobacteria. It exhibits antibacterial activity by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein synthesis. Unfortunately, linezolid resistance has now been documented in MTB and NTM, in many parts of the world. Most linezolid-resistant mycobacterial strains show mutations in the ribosome or related genes, such as in the rplC, rrl and tsnR genes. Non-ribosomal mechanisms appear to be rare. One such mechanism was associated with a mutation in fadD32, which encodes a protein that plays an important role in mycolic acid synthesis. Mycobacterial efflux proteins have also been implicated in linezolid resistance. This review summarises current knowledge of genetic determinants of linezolid resistance in mycobacteria, with the aim of contributing information that could facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to overcome, delay or avoid further developments of drug resistance among these important pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:58:48Z","timestamp":1684983528000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance in Mycobacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wei Chong","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre for Research in Communicable Diseases, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien Fuh","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre for Research in Communicable Diseases, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Fong","family":"Ngeow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Wu Lien-Teh Centre for Research in Communicable Diseases, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3201\/2109.141634","article-title":"Mycobacterium Abscessus Complex Infections in Humans","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux011","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Mechanistic and Evolutionary Perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Gygli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, S., Spaink, H.P., and Forn-Cun\u00ed, G. (2021). 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