{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:11:07Z","timestamp":1782537067651,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintenance of normal cardiac rhythm requires coordinated activity of ion channels and transporters that allow well-ordered propagation of electrical impulses across the myocardium. Disruptions in this orderly process provoke cardiac arrhythmias that may be lethal in some patients. Risk of common acquired arrhythmias is increased markedly when structural heart disease caused by myocardial infarction (due to fibrotic scar formation) or left ventricular dysfunction is present. Genetic polymorphisms influence structure or excitability of the myocardial substrate, which increases vulnerability or risk of arrhythmias in patients. Similarly, genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes give rise to distinct subgroups within the population that affect specific drug biotransformation reactions. Nonetheless, identification of triggers involved in initiation or maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias remains a major challenge. Herein, we provide an overview of knowledge regarding physiopathology of inherited and acquired cardiac arrhythmias along with a summary of treatments (pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic) used to limit their effect on morbidity and potential mortality. Improved understanding of molecular and cellular aspects of arrhythmogenesis and more epidemiologic studies (for a more accurate portrait of incidence and prevalence) are crucial for development of novel treatments and for management of cardiac arrhythmias and their consequences in patients, as their incidence is increasing worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Overview of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2999-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kingma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantale","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Drolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Ferdinand Vandry Pavillon, 1050 Av. de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00517-X","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: A 2400-year-old diagnosis?","volume":"90","author":"Mirchandani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Historical perspectives of cardiac electrophysiology","volume":"50","author":"Luderitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.655738","article-title":"Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation","volume":"116","author":"Hocini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1997.tb06115.x","article-title":"Factors predisposing to the development of atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2009","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: A translational appraisal","volume":"91","author":"Schotten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12492","article-title":"Current controversies in determining the main mechanisms of atrial fibrillation","volume":"279","author":"Schotten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00258-4","article-title":"Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation","volume":"54","author":"Allessie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.02.555","article-title":"Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: Recent advances and translational perspectives","volume":"63","author":"Nattel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.019893","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation pathophysiology: Implications for management","volume":"124","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.879","article-title":"Atrial conduction slows immediately before the onset of human atrial fibrillation: A bi-atrial contact mapping study of transitions to atrial fibrillation","volume":"59","author":"Lalani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.10.009","article-title":"Refractoriness in human atria: Time and voltage dependence of sodium channel availability","volume":"101","author":"Skibsbye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12342","article-title":"Atrial average conduction velocity in patients with and without paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.977827","article-title":"Repolarization alternans reveals vulnerability to human atrial fibrillation","volume":"123","author":"Narayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kibos, A.S., Knight, B.P., Essebag, V., Fishberger, S.B., Slevin, M., and \u021aintoiu, I.C. (2014). Cardiac Arrhythmias: From Basic Mechanism to State-of-the-Art Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-5316-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(01)00078-3","article-title":"The role of myocardial gap junctions in electrical conduction and arrhythmogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Kanno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larson, J., Rich, L., Deshmukh, A., Judge, E.C., and Liang, J.J. (2022). Pharmacologic Management for Ventricular Arrhythmias: Overview of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113233"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2015.11.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"32","author":"Tse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1380.016","article-title":"The integration of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ cycling and surface membrane ion channel activation entrains normal automaticity in cells of the heart\u2019s pacemaker","volume":"1080","author":"Lakatta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalife, J., Delmar, M., Anumonwo, J., Berenfeld, O., and Kalifa, J. (2009). Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444316940"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01221","article-title":"Computational Modeling of Electrophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Atrial Fibrillation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Vagos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq398","article-title":"Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier channels: Molecular basis and therapeutic implications","volume":"89","author":"Ravens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu121","article-title":"Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels contribute to action potential repolarization in human atria","volume":"103","author":"Skibsbye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt240","article-title":"G-protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium current contributes to ventricular repolarization","volume":"101","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00017-6","article-title":"Electrophysiological remodeling in hypertrophy and heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Tomaselli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.5.473","article-title":"Ionic determinants of atrial fibrillation and Ca2+ channel abnormalities: Cause, consequence, or innocent bystander?","volume":"85","author":"Nattel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.494476","article-title":"Molecular basis of arrhythmias","volume":"112","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054202","article-title":"Role of calcium ions in reperfusion arrhythmias: Relevance to pharmacologic intervention","volume":"2","author":"Opie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1161\/hh2101.098612","article-title":"Electrical properties and conduction in reperfused papillary muscle","volume":"89","author":"Cascio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(84)80638-0","article-title":"Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: Mechanisms and prevention","volume":"16","author":"Manning","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(88)80053-1","article-title":"Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in the isolated rabbit heart: Characterization of the influence of the duration of regional ischemia and the extracellular potassium concentration","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006849","article-title":"A modification of the Hodgkin\u2013Huxley equations applicable to Purkinje fibre action and pace-maker potentials","volume":"160","author":"Noble","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00668","article-title":"Human In Silico Drug Trials Demonstrate Higher Accuracy than Animal Models in Predicting Clinical Pro-Arrhythmic Cardiotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Passini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2016.06.002","article-title":"The Comprehensive in Vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative\u2014Update on progress","volume":"81","author":"Colatsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Method."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.160549","article-title":"Myofibroblasts induce ectopic activity in cardiac tissue","volume":"101","author":"Miragoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.12.1157","article-title":"Role of structural barriers in the mechanism of alternans-induced reentry","volume":"87","author":"Pastore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.197590","article-title":"Dynamical mechanism for subcellular alternans in cardiac myocytes","volume":"105","author":"Gaeta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.06.041","article-title":"Feedback-control induced pattern formation in cardiac myocytes: A mathematical modeling study","volume":"266","author":"Gaeta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00157","article-title":"Non-linear dynamics of cardiac alternans: Subcellular to tissue-level mechanisms of arrhythmia","volume":"3","author":"Gaeta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1669561","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy in inherited and acquired ventricular arrhythmia in structurally normal adult hearts","volume":"20","author":"Ortmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.01.036","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease","volume":"59","author":"Prystowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-311590","article-title":"Ventricular tachycardia in the absence of structural heart disease","volume":"105","author":"Killu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891399","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.891399","article-title":"The Genetics and Epigenetics of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients without Structural Heart Disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028719","article-title":"Novel Desmin Mutation p.Glu401Asp Impairs Filament Formation, Disrupts Cell Membrane Integrity, and Causes Severe Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy\/Dysplasia","volume":"137","author":"Carriel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-013-0413-z","article-title":"The phospholamban p.Arg14del founder mutation in Dutch patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Hassink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neth. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forleo, C., Carmosino, M., Resta, N., Rampazzo, A., Valecce, R., Sorrentino, S., Iacoviello, M., Pisani, F., Procino, G., and Gerbino, A. (2015). Clinical and functional characterization of a novel mutation in lamin a\/c gene in a multigenerational family with arrhythmogenic cardiac laminopathy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121723"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0200-7","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","volume":"16","author":"Austin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0133-9","article-title":"Multi-ethnic genome-wide association study for atrial fibrillation","volume":"50","author":"Roselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-Velasco, E., Franco, D., Aranega, A., and Daimi, H. (2020). Genetics and Epigenetics of Atrial Fibrillation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165717"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-019-0074-5","article-title":"LncRNA PVT1 regulates atrial fibrosis via miR-128-3p-SP1-TGF-beta1-Smad axis in atrial fibrillation","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"8891","article-title":"Modulative effects of lncRNA TCONS_00202959 on autonomic neural function and myocardial functions in atrial fibrillation rat model","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05347-0","article-title":"LncRNA MIAT\/miR-133a-3p axis regulates atrial fibrillation and atrial fibrillation-induced myocardial fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22715","article-title":"DNA methylation dysregulations in valvular atrial fibrillation","volume":"40","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2018.09.010","article-title":"Converse role of class I and class IIa HDACs in the progression of atrial fibrillation","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005300","article-title":"Activation of histone deacetylase-6 induces contractile dysfunction through derailment of alpha-tubulin proteostasis in experimental and human atrial fibrillation","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02625","article-title":"Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy","volume":"429","author":"Egger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1411-0","article-title":"Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease","volume":"571","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1480-9222-16-11","article-title":"The functional role of long non-coding RNAs and epigenetics","volume":"16","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Proced. Online"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv316","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC)","volume":"36","author":"Priori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103037","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system and arrhythmias in structural heart disease","volume":"243","author":"Sridharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.64.6.732","article-title":"Atrioventricular junctional rhythm: Classification and clinical significance","volume":"64","author":"Watanabe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1982.tb00030.x","article-title":"The case for modulated parasystole","volume":"5","author":"Jalife","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gussak, I., Antzelevitch, C., Hammill, S.C., Shen, W.K., and Bjerregaard, P. (2003). Cardiac Repolarization: Bridging Basic and Clinical Science (Contemporary Cardiology), Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-362-0"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00184-3","article-title":"Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: Role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1161\/hc5001.100833","article-title":"Activation delay after premature stimulation in chronically diseased human myocardium relates to the architecture of interstitial fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Kawara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112160","article-title":"Myocardial reperfusion: A double-edged sword?","volume":"76","author":"Braunwald","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071667","article-title":"Myocardial reperfusion injury","volume":"357","author":"Yellon","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-1124","article-title":"Reperfusion Damage- A Story of Success, Failure, and Hope","volume":"81","author":"Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx049","article-title":"Novel targets and future strategies for acute cardioprotection: Position Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart","volume":"113","author":"Hausenloy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spannbauer, A., Traxler, D., Lukovic, D., Zlabinger, K., Winkler, J., Gugerell, A., Ferdinandy, P., Hausenloy, D.J., Pavo, N., and Emmert, M.Y. (2019). Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning and Postconditioning on Exosome-Rich Fraction microRNA Levels, in Relation with Electrophysiological Parameters and Ventricular Arrhythmia in Experimental Closed-Chest Reperfused Myocardial Infarction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092140"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.01.009","article-title":"Electrophysiological remodeling in heart failure","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.76.3.637","article-title":"Conduction over an isthmus of atrial myocardium in vivo: A possible model of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Inoue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000145047.14691.db","article-title":"What causes sudden death in heart failure?","volume":"95","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq329","article-title":"Molecular determinants of cardiac fibroblast electrical function and therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation","volume":"89","author":"Yue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.7.1954","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats","volume":"92","author":"Wijffels","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(64)90371-0","article-title":"A Computer Model of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"67","author":"Moe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798918","article-title":"Repolarization reserve: A moving target","volume":"118","author":"Roden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01367.x","article-title":"Cardiac ventricular repolarization reserve: A principle for understanding drug-related proarrhythmic risk","volume":"164","author":"Varro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.81.1.110","article-title":"Alterations of Na+ currents in myocytes from epicardial border zone of the infarcted heart. A possible ionic mechanism for reduced excitability and postrepolarization refractoriness","volume":"81","author":"Pu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.56.3.436","article-title":"Structural and electrophysiological changes in the epicardial border zone of canine myocardial infarcts during infarct healing","volume":"56","author":"Ursell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-002-8529-0","article-title":"Down-regulation of sodium current in chronic heart failure: Effect of long-term therapy with carvedilol","volume":"59","author":"Maltsev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1164","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00960.2007","article-title":"Altered expression of connexin43 contributes to the arrhythmogenic substrate during the development of heart failure in cardiomyopathic hamster","volume":"294","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp227","article-title":"Cx43 phosphorylation and cardioprotection","volume":"83","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.864","article-title":"Reduced content of Connexin43 gap junctions in ventricular myocardium from hypertrophied and ischemic human hearts","volume":"88","author":"Peters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000092248.59479.AE","article-title":"Transmural electrophysiological heterogeneities underlying arrhythmogenesis in heart failure","volume":"93","author":"Akar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1968","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.5.H1968","article-title":"Ventricular hypertrophy amplifies transmural repolarization dispersion and induces early afterdepolarization","volume":"281","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.024216","article-title":"Expression of connexins 40 and 43 in human left atrium in atrial fibrillation of different aetiologies","volume":"91","author":"Wetzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01443-7","article-title":"Effects of chronic atrial fibrillation on gap junction distribution in human and rat atria","volume":"38","author":"Polontchouk","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.05.046","article-title":"Reduced incidence of vagally induced atrial fibrillation and expression levels of connexins by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1139\/y01-004","article-title":"Preconditioning in the absence or presence of sustained ischemia modulates myocardial Cx43 protein levels and gap junction distribution","volume":"79","author":"Daleau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4901.101760","article-title":"C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: Inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation","volume":"104","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.11.032","article-title":"Relation of elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels to left atrial size and duration of episodes in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"95","author":"Psychari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.054","article-title":"Role of inflammation in initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review of the published data","volume":"50","author":"Issac","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52910-7.00047-7","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders","volume":"112","author":"Pohl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.04388.x","article-title":"Fever as a precipitant of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in patients with normal hearts","volume":"15","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and arrhythmic risk: Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.01.018","article-title":"The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model","volume":"62","author":"Kumagai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.12.009","article-title":"Analysis of pravastatin to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion","volume":"93","author":"Tveit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00714-3","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and cardiac arrhythmias: The lesson from COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Lazzerini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.009458","article-title":"Worldwide Survey of COVID-19-Associated Arrhythmias","volume":"14","author":"Coromilas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00147","article-title":"Cardiac Injury and Clinical Course of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Group WHOREAfC-TW, Shankar-Hari, M., Vale, C.L., Godolphin, P.J., Fisher, D., Higgins, J.P.T., Spiga, F., Savovi\u0107, J., Tierney, J., and Baron, G. (2021). Association between Administration of IL-6 Antagonists and Mortality among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 326, 499\u2013518.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11330"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2263com","article-title":"Intramyocardial lipid accumulation in the failing human heart resembles the lipotoxic rat heart","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.04.113","article-title":"High-fat diet-dependent modulation of the delayed rectifier K(+) current in adult guinea pig atrial myocytes","volume":"474","author":"Aromolaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00431","article-title":"Cardiac Ion Channel Regulation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Relevance to Long QT Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"8","author":"Aromolaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.11.009","article-title":"A high-fat meal is accompanied by increased plasma interleukin-6 concentrations","volume":"17","author":"Lundman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.880773","article-title":"Impact of dietary fatty acids on cardiac arrhythmogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Rennison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2012.06.003","article-title":"Sphingolipids, lipotoxic cardiomyopathy, and cardiac failure","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01866","article-title":"Cardiolipotoxicity, Inflammation, and Arrhythmias: Role for Interleukin-6 Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.18.2452","article-title":"Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs","volume":"99","author":"Billman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(03)00039-1","article-title":"Prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"98","author":"Leaf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104274","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of beta blocker therapy","volume":"146","author":"Grandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Gobari, M., El Khatib, C., Pillon, F., and Gueyffier, F. (2013). beta-Blockers for the prevention of sudden cardiac death in heart failure patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-52"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.076","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction: Results of the Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN) trial","volume":"45","author":"McMurray","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00234-X","article-title":"Beta-blocker use and survival in patients with ventricular fibrillation or symptomatic ventricular tachycardia: The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial","volume":"34","author":"Exner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2014.55.75","article-title":"Propranolol efficiency in prevention of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with implanted cardioverter-defibrillator: A case series","volume":"55","author":"Puljevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.2.165","article-title":"Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: The OPTIC Study: A randomized trial","volume":"295","author":"Connolly","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.17.2268","article-title":"Amiodarone interaction with beta-blockers: Analysis of the merged EMIAT (European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial) and CAMIAT (Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Trial) databases. The EMIAT and CAMIAT Investigators","volume":"99","author":"Boutitie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80293-8","article-title":"Electrophysiologic profile and efficacy of intravenous dofetilide (UK-68,798), a new class III antiarrhythmic drug, in patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Dofetilide Arrhythmia Study Group","volume":"76","author":"Bashir","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.21.2665","article-title":"Cardiovascular drugs. Dofetilide","volume":"102","author":"Mounsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2011.02183.x","article-title":"Dofetilide reduces the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies","volume":"23","author":"Baquero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153B","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90096-8","article-title":"Use of calcium antagonists for cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"59","author":"Singh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Singh, B.N. (1988). Control of Cardiac Arrhythmias by Lengthening Repolarization, Futura Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eur277","article-title":"Therapeutic approach for patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: State of the art and future developments","volume":"14","author":"Zwinderman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000139333.83620.5D","article-title":"Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties","volume":"110","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004124","article-title":"Efficacy of Ranolazine in Patients with Symptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The RESTYLE-HCM Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"11","author":"Olivotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.03.045","article-title":"Electrophysiologic basis for the antiarrhythmic actions of ranolazine","volume":"8","author":"Antzelevitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.16.1775","article-title":"Effects of ranolazine on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: The MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized trial","volume":"297","author":"Morrow","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.086","article-title":"Ranolazine in High-Risk Patients with Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillators: The RAID Trial","volume":"72","author":"Zareba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406430","article-title":"Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure","volume":"371","author":"Fox","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61170-8","article-title":"Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"372","author":"Fox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61198-1","article-title":"Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): A randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"376","author":"Swedberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-014-9274-y","article-title":"Torsades de pointes induced by the concomitant use of ivabradine and azithromycin: An unexpected dangerous interaction","volume":"15","author":"Cocco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12510","article-title":"Mechanism-specific effects of adenosine on ventricular tachycardia","volume":"25","author":"Lerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017991206635","article-title":"Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia: An update","volume":"6","author":"Lerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Card. Electrophysiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1192","article-title":"Adenosine-sensitive ventricular tachycardia: Right ventricular abnormalities delineated by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"96","author":"Markowitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4451","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of digoxin: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data","volume":"351","author":"Ziff","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv143","article-title":"Digoxin-associated mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Vamos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-013-0012-5","article-title":"Current and emerging antiarrhythmic drug therapy for ventricular tachycardia","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(92)90267-Q","article-title":"The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: First CAST... then CAST-II","volume":"19","author":"Greene","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.04.014","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities","volume":"5","author":"Epstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.061","article-title":"Cardiac Pacemakers: Function, Troubleshooting, and Management: Part 1 of a 2-Part Series","volume":"69","author":"Mulpuru","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.064","article-title":"Advances and Future Directions in Cardiac Pacemakers: Part 2 of a 2-Part Series","volume":"69","author":"Madhavan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e3282f30416","article-title":"Biological pacemakers as a therapy for cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"23","author":"Marban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.239072","article-title":"Biological pacemakers: Concepts and techniques","volume":"30","author":"Ambesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.165","article-title":"Next-generation pacemakers: From small devices to biological pacemakers","volume":"15","author":"Cingolani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farraha, M., Kumar, S., Chong, J., Cho, H.C., and Kizana, E. (2018). Gene Therapy Approaches to Biological Pacemakers. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd5040050"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators (1997). A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N. Engl. J. Med., 337, 1576\u20131583.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711273372202"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.7.748","article-title":"Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: The Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH)","volume":"102","author":"Kuck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.11.1297","article-title":"Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): A randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone","volume":"101","author":"Connolly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl478","article-title":"Adjunctive antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Guyatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0502.103330","article-title":"Quality of life in the antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators trial: Impact of therapy and influence of adverse symptoms and defibrillator shocks","volume":"105","author":"Schron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2004.10.002","article-title":"Quality of life in implanted cardioverter defibrillator recipients: The impact of a device shock","volume":"34","author":"Carroll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005515","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005515","article-title":"Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators for Secondary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Borne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.15420\/AER.2016.10.2","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy to Avoid Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Shocks","volume":"5","author":"Abboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2029","article-title":"Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Wilber","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00577-1","article-title":"Mortality, morbidity, and quality of life after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: Outcomes from a controlled nonrandomized long-term study","volume":"42","author":"Pappone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"e257","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"114","author":"Fuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.21.2634","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: A randomized trial","volume":"293","author":"Wazni","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.08.037","article-title":"A randomized trial of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: The APAF Study","volume":"48","author":"Pappone","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271869","article-title":"Translational neurocardiology: Preclinical models and cardioneural integrative aspects","volume":"594","author":"Ardell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007149","article-title":"Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: A plan for the future","volume":"129","author":"Goldberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000280","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disorders Mediated by Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Khemani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200401000-00003","article-title":"Autonomic aspects of arrhythmogenesis: The enduring and the new","volume":"19","author":"Verrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304679","article-title":"Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death","volume":"116","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.302549","article-title":"Role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"114","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu291","article-title":"Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: An update","volume":"35","author":"Haegeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2018.09.001","article-title":"Targeting the Cardiac Ganglionated Plexi for Atrial Fibrillation: Modulate or Destroy?","volume":"4","author":"Hanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199702)247:2<289::AID-AR15>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Gross and microscopic anatomy of the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system","volume":"247","author":"Armour","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avazzadeh, S., McBride, S., O\u2019brien, B., Coffey, K., Elahi, A., O\u2019Halloran, M., Soo, A., and Quinlan, L.R. (2020). Ganglionated Plexi Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103081"},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"171","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"1","author":"Safaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.772582","article-title":"Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: The A4 study","volume":"118","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.467","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (RAAFT-2): A randomized trial","volume":"311","author":"Morillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.03.005","article-title":"The role of the autonomic nervous system in arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death","volume":"205","author":"Franciosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi172","article-title":"Reduction of fluoroscopy exposure and procedure duration during ablation of atrial fibrillation using a novel anatomical navigation system","volume":"26","author":"Rotter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2006.00594.x","article-title":"The impact of CT image integration into an electroanatomic mapping system on clinical outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"17","author":"Kistler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.1124","article-title":"Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium","volume":"74","author":"Murry","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"H1470","article-title":"Preconditioning of ischemic myocardium: Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias","volume":"253","author":"Shiki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840601100105","article-title":"Postconditioning markedly attenuates ventricular arrhythmias after ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"11","author":"Kloner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248413482183","article-title":"Effects of pre- and postconditioning on arrhythmogenesis in the in vivo rat model","volume":"18","author":"Kolettis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2015.1010565","article-title":"Remote ischemic preconditioning and incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation","volume":"49","author":"Krogstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-306178","article-title":"Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery: A randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"101","author":"Candilio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht346","article-title":"Does remote ischaemic preconditioning with postconditioning improve clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery? Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning with Postconditioning Outcome Trial","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1413579","article-title":"A Multicenter Trial of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning for Heart Surgery","volume":"373","author":"Meybohm","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v8.i10.615","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of remote ischemic preconditioning and atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"8","author":"Lotfi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1413534","article-title":"Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery","volume":"373","author":"Hausenloy","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12252","article-title":"Remote ischemic preconditioning and its role in the prevention of new onset atrial fibrillation post-cardiac surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arrhythmia"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12170","article-title":"Remote vs. local ischaemic preconditioning in the rat heart: Infarct limitation, suppression of ischaemic arrhythmia and the role of reactive oxygen species","volume":"97","author":"Galagudza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1707","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H1707","article-title":"Limb ischemia preconditions the heart against reperfusion tachyarrhythmia","volume":"273","author":"Oxman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. (Heart Circ. Physiol.)"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.11.007","article-title":"Comparative study of the cardioprotective effects of local and remote preconditioning in ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"90","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2012.02397.x","article-title":"The effect of acute versus delayed remote ischemic preconditioning on reperfusion induced ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"23","author":"Dow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4950250203","article-title":"Gender differences in arrhythmias","volume":"25","author":"Wolbrette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X15666181205110624","article-title":"Gender Differences in Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Westerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.11.066","article-title":"Sex-Specific Considerations in Drug and Device Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmias: JACC Focus Seminar 6\/7","volume":"79","author":"Amuthan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/6\/844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:54Z","timestamp":1760125734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/6\/844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16060844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16060844","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}