{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T19:55:13Z","timestamp":1779134113138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal cardiac function in the setting of cirrhosis and in the absence of a primary cardiac disease is known as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is multifactorial but broadly is comprised of two pathways. The first is due to cirrhosis and synthetic liver failure with abnormal structure and function of many substances, including proteins, lipids, hormones, and carbohydrates such as lectins. The second is due to portal hypertension which invariably accompanies cirrhosis. Portal hypertension leads to a leaky, congested gut with resultant endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. This inflammatory phenotype comprises oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Galectins exert all these pro-inflammatory mechanisms across many different tissues and organs, including the heart. Effective therapies for improving cardiac function in patients with cirrhosis are not available. Conventional strategies for other noncirrhotic heart diseases, including vasodilators, are not feasible because of the significant baseline vasodilation in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, exploring new treatment modalities for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is of great importance. Galectin-3 inhibitors such as modified citrus pectin, N-acetyllactosamine, TD139 and GB0139 exert anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and thus have potential therapeutic interest. This review briefly summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological role of galectin and specifically examines its role in cardiac disease processes. We present a more detailed discussion of galectin in cardiovascular complications of cirrhosis, particularly cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Finally, therapeutic studies of galectin-3 inhibitors in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16070978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T01:02:50Z","timestamp":1688950970000},"page":"978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Role of Galectin in Cardiovascular Conditions including Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Youn","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"530","article-title":"Cardiac abnormalities in liver cirrhosis","volume":"151","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240226","article-title":"Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: Getting to the heart of the matter","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16305","article-title":"Review article: Comprehensive analysis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy","volume":"53","author":"Chahal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849253","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2022.849253","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Netw. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00783-1","article-title":"Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl210537","article-title":"Prolonged QT Interval in Cirrhosis: Twisting Time?","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0234","article-title":"\u03b2-blockers in advanced cirrhosis: More friend than enemy","volume":"27","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.12.020","article-title":"Galectin-3: An open-ended story","volume":"1760","author":"Dumic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2173","article-title":"Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of a human galactoside-binding protein","volume":"51","author":"Raz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"305","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a multifunctional protein","volume":"9","author":"Krzeslak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponikowska, B., Iwanek, G., Zdanowicz, A., Urban, S., Zymlinski, R., Ponikowski, P., and Biegus, J. (2022). Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury and Remodeling in Heart Failure. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12050799"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"599","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a novel biomarker for disease diagnosis and a target for therapy (Review)","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Salam, S., Kandhan, K., Sudhadevi, M., Yasin, J., and Tariq, S. (2022). Early Doxorubicin Myocardial Injury: Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Role of Galectin-3. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012479"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Huai, W., Ye, X., Pan, Y., Yang, X., Chen, M., Ma, Q.B., Gao, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Circulating plasma galectin-3 predicts new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients after acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02827-y"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsigkou, V., Siasos, G., Oikonomou, E., Zaromitidou, M., Mourouzis, K., Dimitropoulos, S., Bletsa, E., Gouliopoulos, N., Stampouloglou, P.K., and Panoilia, M.E. (2022). The prognostic role of galectin-3 and endothelial function in patients with heart failure. Cardiol. J.","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2022.0074"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202264045","article-title":"Galectin-3 and fibrosis intensity in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy: A systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2013.06.054","article-title":"Galectin-3: A new biomarker for the diagnosis, analysis and prognosis of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"106","author":"Hrynchyshyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.021","article-title":"Blunted cardiac response to hemorrhage in cirrhotic rats is mediated by local macrophage-released endocannabinoids","volume":"62","author":"Gaskari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524826","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.524826","article-title":"Epithelial Cell-Associated Galectin-3 Activates Human Dendritic Cell Subtypes for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Schroeder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2021.0141","article-title":"Galectin-3 inhibits cardiac contractility via a tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent mechanism in cirrhotic rats","volume":"28","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.06.020","article-title":"Protective effects of erythropoietin on cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in rats","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.011","article-title":"Mechanisms of TNFalpha-induced cardiac dysfunction in cholestatic bile duct-ligated mice: Interaction between TNFalpha and endocannabinoids","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70180-6","article-title":"Contribution of nitric oxide to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000147181.65298.4D","article-title":"Galectin-3 marks activated macrophages in failure-prone hypertrophied hearts and contributes to cardiac dysfunction","volume":"110","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.030","article-title":"Role of cardiac myofilament proteins titin and collagen in the pathogenesis of diastolic dysfunction in cirrhotic rats","volume":"55","author":"Glenn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13174","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin-3 in patients at risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Results from the DIAST-CHF study","volume":"8","author":"Trippel","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060906","article-title":"Interferon-gamma induces chronic active myocarditis and cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice","volume":"171","author":"Reifenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2008.02.003","article-title":"14-3-3 protein regulates Ask1 signaling and protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"75","author":"Thandavarayan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1226","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00305.2007","article-title":"Novel anti-inflammatory mechanisms of N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in hypertension-induced target organ damage","volume":"294","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.12.017","article-title":"Myocardial Galectin-3 Expression Is Associated with Remodeling of the Pressure-Overloaded Heart and May Delay the Hypertrophic Response without Affecting Survival, Dysfunction, and Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"186","author":"Frunza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26115-y","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for increased circulating levels of galectin-3 in cardiomyopathy and heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949264","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.949264","article-title":"Galectin-3 inhibitor GB0139 protects against acute lung injury by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and activation","volume":"13","author":"Humphries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112178","article-title":"Modified citrus pectin prevents isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy associated with p38 signalling and TLR4\/JAK\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.04.048","article-title":"Polystyrene nanoplastics induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial inflammation in carp by promoting ROS production","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"4148","article-title":"Cell cycle arrest and inhibition of anoikis by galectin-3 in human breast epithelial cells","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.09.018","article-title":"Involvement of Galectin-3 in neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea via regulating inflammation and oxidative stress through NLRP3","volume":"101","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2022.2081701","article-title":"Inhibition of galectin-3 ameliorates high-glucose-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in ARPE-19 cells","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000578","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1000578","article-title":"Advances in the study of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in myocardial remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868372","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.868372","article-title":"Galectin-3 Inhibition Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511167103","article-title":"Galectin-3 regulates myofibroblast activation and hepatic fibrosis","volume":"103","author":"Henderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748225","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.748225","article-title":"Identification of Galectin-3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy","volume":"8","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp097","article-title":"Galectin-3: A novel mediator of heart failure development and progression","volume":"11","author":"Voors","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04266-6","article-title":"Galectin-3 interferes with tissue repair and promotes cardiac dysfunction and comorbidities in a genetic heart failure model","volume":"79","author":"Vlachou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e28310","article-title":"Levels of Galectin-3 in Chronic Heart Failure: A Case-Control Study","volume":"14","author":"Santhosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retram.2021.103321","article-title":"Pectins from various sources inhibit galectin-3-related cardiac fibrosis","volume":"70","author":"Meijers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.971168","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 prevents cardiac remodeling by interfering with myocardial fibrogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17007","article-title":"Galectin-3 level and the severity of cardiac diastolic dysfunction using cellular and animal models and clinical indices","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.061","article-title":"Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and apelin for the evaluation of patients with acute heart failure","volume":"48","author":"Januzzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000146","article-title":"Galectin-3 and cardiac function in survivors of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Weir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110071","article-title":"Modified citrus pectin ameliorates myocardial fibrosis and inflammation via suppressing galectin-3 and TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H404","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00747.2008","article-title":"N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline prevents cardiac remodeling and dysfunction induced by galectin-3, a mammalian adhesion\/growth-regulatory lectin","volume":"296","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.06.001","article-title":"Systemic and hepatic vein galectin-3 are increased in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and negatively correlate with liver function","volume":"55","author":"Wanninger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0284","article-title":"Modified citrus pectin stops progression of liver fibrosis by inhibiting galectin-3 and inducing apoptosis of stellate cells","volume":"94","author":"Elkashef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130642","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated mice","volume":"127","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17368","article-title":"Review article: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management of atrial fibrillation in cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"57","author":"Vandenberk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Frequency of cardiac arrhythmia in patients with liver cirrhoses and evaluation of associated factors","volume":"50","author":"Gundling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"9072","article-title":"The plasma galectin-3 level has high specificity and sensitivity for predicting postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"26","author":"Erdem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornej, J., Schmidl, J., Ueberham, L., John, S., Daneschnejad, S., Dinov, B., Hindricks, G., Adams, V., Husser, D., and Bollmann, A. (2015). Galectin-3 in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing radiofrequency catheter ablation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123574"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993904","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6993904","article-title":"Circulating Galectin-3 and Aldosterone for Predicting Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation","volume":"2022","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04894-9","article-title":"Therapeutic implications of galectin-3 in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2303091","article-title":"Cardiovascular events after liver transplantation: MACE hurts","volume":"23","author":"Altieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29329","article-title":"A point-based prediction model for cardiovascular risk in orthotopic liver transplantation: The CAR-OLT score","volume":"66","author":"VanWagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v12.i7.342","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in patients with atrial fibrillation and liver cirrhosis","volume":"12","author":"Darrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.16100","article-title":"Galactin-3 and brain natriuretic peptide versus conventional echocardiography in the early detection of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Abbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2022.04.005","article-title":"Management of the Adult Patient with Cirrhosis Complicated by Ascites","volume":"34","author":"Nobbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000733","article-title":"Advances in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.49.4.755","article-title":"Impaired left ventricular function in alcoholic cirrhosis with ascites. Ineffectiveness of ouabain","volume":"49","author":"Limas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.07.009","article-title":"Galectin-3 mediates pulmonary vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traber, P.G., Chou, H., Zomer, E., Hong, F., Klyosov, A., Fiel, M.I., and Friedman, S.L. (2013). Regression of fibrosis and reversal of cirrhosis in rats by galectin inhibitors in thioacetamide-induced liver disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075361"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13816","article-title":"Randomised clinical study: GR-MD-02, a galectin-3 inhibitor, vs. placebo in patients having non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.296","article-title":"Effects of Belapectin, an Inhibitor of Galectin-3, in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension","volume":"158","author":"Chalasani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/7\/978\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:08:25Z","timestamp":1760126905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/7\/978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16070978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16070978","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]}}}