{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:42:58Z","timestamp":1790959378761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2023R205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R205"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["RSPD2023R620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R620"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["PNURSP2023R205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R205"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSPD2023R620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R620"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by a rise in the intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to optic nerve damage. Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analogue used to reduce the elevated IOP in patients with glaucoma. The currently available dosage forms for Bimatoprost suffer from relatively low ocular bioavailability. The objective of this study was to fabricate and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing Bimatoprost for ocular administration for the management of glaucoma. Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs were fabricated by solvent evaporation\/ultrasonication technique. Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) was adopted as solid lipid and poloxamer 407 as surfactant. Optimization of SLNs was conducted by central composite design. The optimized formulation was assessed for average particle size, entrapment efficiency (%), zeta potential, surface morphology, drug release study, sterility test, isotonicity test, Hen\u2019s egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test and histopathology studies. The optimized Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs formulation had an average size of 183.3 \u00b1 13.3 nm, zeta potential of \u22129.96 \u00b1 1.2 mV, and encapsulation efficiency percentage of 71.8 \u00b1 1.1%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study revealed the nearly smooth surface of formulated particles with a nano-scale size range. In addition, SLNs significantly sustained Bimatoprost release for up to 12 h, compared to free drug (p &lt; 005). Most importantly, HET-CAM test nullified the irritancy of the formulation was verified its tolerability upon ocular use, as manifested by a significant reduction in mean irritation score, compared to positive control (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate; p &lt; 0.001). Histopathology study inferred the absence of any signs of cornea tissue damage upon treatment with Bimatoprost optimized formulation. Collectively, it was concluded that SLNs might represent a viable vehicle for enhancing the corneal permeation and ocular bioavailability of Bimatoprost for the management of glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16071001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:28:06Z","timestamp":1689294486000},"page":"1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Ocular Delivery of Bimatoprost-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Management of Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sandeep Divate","family":"Satyanarayana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr Selim","family":"Abu Lila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afrasim","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehssan H.","family":"Moglad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed","family":"Khafagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2821-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadil Faris","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad J.","family":"Obaidullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rompicherla Narayana","family":"Charyulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics4010243","article-title":"Ophthalmic drug delivery in glaucoma\u2014A review","volume":"4","author":"Januleviciene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624030-00010","article-title":"Bimatoprost: A pharmacoeconomic review of its use in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Plosker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S118689","article-title":"Patient considerations in ocular hypertension: Role of bimatoprost ophthalmic solution","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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