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University","award":["#2019\/17913-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019\/17913-5"]}]},{"name":"Ulster University","award":["#2014\/50928-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2014\/50928-2"]}]},{"name":"Ulster University","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Ulster University","award":["#408244\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#408244\/2018-6"]}]},{"name":"Ulster University","award":["#465687\/2014-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#465687\/2014-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a worldwide public health problem caused predominantly by the opportunistic polymorphic fungus Candida albicans, whose pathogenicity is associated with its morphological adaptability. To potentiate the treatment of C. albicans-induced VVC by an alternative method as photodynamic therapy (PDT), hypericin (Hy), a potent photosensitizer compound was incorporated into a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and dispersed in hydrogel (HG). Methods: After preparation of the sonication process, an NLC loaded with Hy was dispersed in HG based on Poloxamer 407 and chitosan obtaining Hy.NLC-HG. This hydrogel system was physically and chemically characterized and its in vitro and in vivo photodynamic and antifungal effects were evaluated. Results: Through scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to observe a hydrogel system with a porous polymeric matrix and irregular microcavities. The Hy.NLC-HG system showed mucoadhesive properties (0.45 \u00b1 0.08 N) and a satisfactory injectability (15.74 \u00b1 4.75 N.mm), which indicates that it can be easily applied in the vaginal canal, in addition to a controlled and sustained Hy release profile from the NLC-HG of 28.55 \u00b1 0.15% after 720 min. The in vitro antibiofilm assay significantly reduced the viability of C. albicans (p &lt; 0.001) by 1.2 log10 for Hy.NLC-HG\/PDT and 1.9 log10 for PS\/PDT, Hy.NLC\/PDT, and free RB\/PDT, compared to the PBS\/PDT negative control. The in vivo antifungal evaluation showed that animals treated with the vaginal cream (non-PDT) and the PDT-mediated Hy.NLC-HG system showed a significant difference of p &lt; 0.001 in the number of C. albicans colonies (log) in the vaginal canal, compared to the inoculation control group. Conclusions: Thus, we demonstrate the pharmaceutical, antifungal, and photodynamic potential of hydrogel systems for Hy vaginal administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:04:38Z","timestamp":1690974278000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Enhancing Antifungal Treatment of Candida albicans with Hypericin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers in Hydrogels: Characterization, In Vitro, and In Vivo Photodynamic Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariana Rillo","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7247-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Augusto","family":"Oshiro-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Para\u00edba, Campina Grande 58429-500, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Fernanda","family":"Rodero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Isadora","family":"Boni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Hugo Sousa","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ta\u00eds Maria","family":"Bauab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Francis","family":"Callan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, the emergence of C. lusitaniae","volume":"5","author":"Seyed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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