{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:35:23Z","timestamp":1760524523826,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education and Science","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the effects of (2,6-di-O-methyl)-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (DM-\u03b2-CD), (2-hydroxypropyl)-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (HP-\u03b2-CD), tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), sodium desoxycholate (SDOCH), trimethyl chitosan (TMC), and sodium caprate (C10) on the plasma concentration and the oral bioavailability of tigecycline in broiler chickens. To test the effects of the excipients on absorption of tigecycline, a tetracycline that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, broiler chickens were used as an animal model. Tigecycline (10 mg\/kg body weight) was administered intravenously, orally, and orally with one of the excipients. Plasma samples were taken after administration. To measure tigecycline concentrations, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used. Compartmental and non-compartmental analyses were used for pharmacokinetic analyses of mean plasma concentrations versus time. With the exception of sodium caprate, all the excipients significantly increased the area under the curve and bioavailability of tigecycline (p &lt; 0.05). These parameters were approximately doubled by HP-\u03b2-CD, TPGS, and SDOCH, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the difference that included only increases of 1.5-fold or higher (bioavailability: control, 1.67%; HP-\u03b2-CD, 3.24%; TPGS, 3.30%; and SDOCH, 3.24%). The increases in these parameters were smaller with DM-\u03b2-CD and TMC (DM-\u03b2-CD, 2.41%; TMC, 2.55%), and the 95% CIs ranged from close to no difference to nearly double the values in the control group. These results indicate that HP-\u03b2-CD, TPGS, and SDOCH substantially increase the area under the curve and oral bioavailability of tigecycline. They suggest that DM-\u03b2-CD and TMC may also substantially increase these parameters, but more research is needed for more precise estimates of their effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:21:39Z","timestamp":1691230899000},"page":"1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tigecycline Absorption Improved by Selected Excipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Szteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6233-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"J\u0119drzkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Wroc\u0142aw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Rasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waters Sp\u00f3\u0142ka z Ograniczon\u0105 Odpowiedzialno\u015bci\u0105, Wybrze\u017ce Gdy\u0144skie 6B, 01-531 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Jaroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5787","article-title":"Tetracycline: Classification, Structure Activity Relationship and Mechanism of Action as a Theranostic Agent for Infectious Lesions\u2014A Mini Review","volume":"7","author":"Tariq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. 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