{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T19:52:00Z","timestamp":1775591520411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund FWF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KLI 854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLI 854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. To date, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma treatment, but even in treated patients, the disease can progress. Cannabinoids, which have been known to lower IOP since the 1970s, have been shown to have beneficial effects in glaucoma patients beyond their IOP-lowering properties. In addition to the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, knowledge of non-classical cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system has increased in recent years. In particular, the CB2 receptor has been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties, which may represent a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in glaucoma patients. Due to their vasodilatory effects, cannabinoids improve blood flow to the optic nerve head, which may suggest a vasoprotective potential and counteract the altered blood flow observed in glaucoma patients. The aim of this review was to assess the available evidence on the effects and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in glaucoma patients. The pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabinoids on IOP, neuroprotection, and ocular hemodynamics have been discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:13:57Z","timestamp":1692008037000},"page":"1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Lindner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen","family":"Schmidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Peschorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Popa-Cherecheanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leopold","family":"Schmetterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore"},{"name":"Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Garh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.10.039","article-title":"Cannabis\u00a0sativa","volume":"30","author":"Schilling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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