{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:13:31Z","timestamp":1792293211898,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":281,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Liaoning Provincial Education Department","award":["LZ2020071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ2020071"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Liaoning Provincial Education Department","award":["2021-BS-209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-BS-209"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Fund of the Liaoning Provincial Education Department","award":["2021RQ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RQ010"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["LZ2020071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ2020071"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2021-BS-209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-BS-209"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["2021RQ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RQ010"]}]},{"name":"the Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star","award":["LZ2020071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZ2020071"]}]},{"name":"the Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star","award":["2021-BS-209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-BS-209"]}]},{"name":"the Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star","award":["2021RQ010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RQ010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review delves into the rapidly evolving arena of cancer vaccines. Initially, we examine the intricate constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic factor that significantly influences tumor heterogeneity. Current research trends focusing on harnessing the TME for effective tumor vaccine treatments are also discussed. We then provide a detailed overview of the current state of research concerning tumor immunity and the mechanisms of tumor vaccines, describing the complex immunological processes involved. Furthermore, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the contemporary research landscape of tumor vaccines, with a particular focus on peptide vaccines, DNA\/RNA-based vaccines, viral-vector-based vaccines, dendritic-cell-based vaccines, and whole-cell-based vaccines. We analyze and summarize these categories of tumor vaccines, highlighting their individual advantages, limitations, and the factors influencing their effectiveness. In our survey of each category, we summarize commonly used tumor vaccines, aiming to provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the current state of tumor vaccine research. We then delve into an innovative strategy combining cancer vaccines with other therapies. By studying the effects of combining tumor vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy, we establish that this approach can enhance overall treatment efficacy and offset the limitations of single-treatment approaches, offering patients more effective treatment options. Following this, we undertake a meticulous analysis of the entire process of personalized cancer vaccines, elucidating the intricate process from design, through research and production, to clinical application, thus helping readers gain a thorough understanding of its complexities. In conclusion, our exploration of tumor vaccines in this review aims to highlight their promising potential in cancer treatment. As research in this field continues to evolve, it undeniably holds immense promise for improving cancer patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dequan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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