{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:09:23Z","timestamp":1791846563372,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UM\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UM\/02\/2"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["MOHE-Top 100 (IIRG)-IISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHE-Top 100 (IIRG)-IISS"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["IIRG002A-2021IISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRG002A-2021IISS"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UM\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UM\/02\/2"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya","award":["MOHE-Top 100 (IIRG)-IISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHE-Top 100 (IIRG)-IISS"]}]},{"name":"University of Malaya","award":["IIRG002A-2021IISS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRG002A-2021IISS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent times has prompted the search for new and more potent antibiotics. Bacteriophages (commonly known as phages) are viruses that target and infect their bacterial hosts. As such, they are also a potential alternative to antibiotics. These phages can be broadly categorized into monovalent (with a narrow host range spectrum and specific to a single bacterial genus) and polyvalent (with a broad host range and specific to more than two genera). However, there is still much ambiguity in the use of these terms, with researchers often describing their phages differently. There is considerable research on the use of both narrow- and broad-host range phages in the treatment of infections and diseases caused by MDR bacteria, including tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infectious diseases. From this, it is clear that the host range of these phages plays a vital role in determining the effectiveness of any phage therapy, and this factor is usually analyzed based on the advantages and limitations of different host ranges. There have also been efforts to expand phage host ranges via phage cocktail development, phage engineering and combination therapies, in line with current technological advancements. This literature review aims to provide a more in-depth understanding of the role of phage host ranges in the effectiveness of treating MDR-bacterial diseases, by exploring the following: phage biology, the importance of phages in MDR bacteria diseases treatment, the importance of phage host range and its advantages and limitations, current findings and recent developments, and finally, possible future directions for wide host range phages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T05:43:49Z","timestamp":1697435029000},"page":"1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Bacteriophages and Their Host Range in Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Disease Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ka Mun","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiew Leng","family":"Liau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swee Seong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4572","article-title":"ESKAPEing the labyrinth of antibacterial discovery","volume":"14","author":"Tommasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.3.482","article-title":"An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Reygaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541340","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541340","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis","volume":"2014","author":"Tanwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 06). Antimicrobial Resistance, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance#:~:text=The%20main%20drivers%20of%20antimicrobial,access%20to%20quality%2C%20affordable%20medicines%2C."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, V.D., Sundarrajan, S., Rajagopalan, S.S., Hariharan, S., Kempashanaiah, N., Padmanabhan, S., Sriram, B., and Ramachandran, J. (2011). Lysis-deficient phages as novel therapeutic agents for controlling bacterial infection. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-195"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2022.101208","article-title":"Phage banks as potential tools to rapidly and cost-effectively manage antimicrobial resistance in the developing world","volume":"53","author":"Nagel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitchcock, N.M., Nunes, D.D.G., Shiach, J., Hodel, K.V.S., Barbosa, J.D.V., Rodrigues, L.A.P., Coler, B.S., Soares, M.B.P., and Badar\u00f3, R. (2023). Current Clinical Landscape and Global Potential of Bacteriophage Therapy. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15041020"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06433-y","article-title":"Detecting disease associated biomarkers by luminescence modulating phages","volume":"12","author":"Kulpakko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1089\/phage.2020.0021","article-title":"Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents for Flavobacterium psychrophilum Biofilms and Rainbow Trout Infections","volume":"1","author":"Sundell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phage"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Adeyemi, D.E., and Park, M.K. (2021). Characterization of a new and efficient polyvalent phage infecting E. coli o157:H7, salmonella spp., and shigella sonnei. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102105"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2051752","article-title":"Effective phage cocktail to combat the rising incidence of extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 16","volume":"11","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1096995","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2015.1096995","article-title":"Development of expanded host range phage active on biofilms of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"6","author":"Mapes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singla, S., Harjai, K., Katare, O.P., and Chhibber, S. (2016). Encapsulation of Bacteriophage in Liposome Accentuates Its Entry in to Macrophage and Shields It from Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153777"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.3.16736","article-title":"The bactericidal action of the waters of the Jamuna and Ganges rivers on Cholera microbes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 10:511\u2013523 (1896)","volume":"1","author":"Hankin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXXIV.4.460","article-title":"Notes and Events","volume":"XXXIV","author":"Schullian","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)20383-3","article-title":"An investigation on the nature of ultra-microscopic viruses","volume":"186","author":"Twort","year":"1915","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2007.07.005","article-title":"On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: Brief note by Mr. F. D\u2019Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux","volume":"158","author":"Service","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moineau, S. (2013). Bacteriophage, Elsevier EBooks.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374984-0.00131-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579452","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.579452","article-title":"Motley Crew: Overview of the Currently Available Phage Diversity","volume":"11","author":"Zrelovs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1128\/br.31.4.230-314.1967","article-title":"Ultrastructure of bacteriophage and bacteriocins","volume":"31","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bacteriol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60785-X","article-title":"Tailed Bacteriophages: The Order Caudovirales","volume":"51","author":"Ackermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"8","article-title":"Classification of bacteriophages","volume":"2","author":"Ackermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bacteriophages"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00067-6","article-title":"Bacteriophage observations and evolution","volume":"154","author":"Ackermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieiro, C., Areal-Hermida, L., Pichardo-Gallardo, \u00c1., Almui\u00f1a-Gonz\u00e1lez, R., De Miguel, T., S\u00e1nchez, S., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, \u00c1., and Villa, T.G. (2020). A Hundred Years of Bacteriophages: Can Phages Replace Antibiotics in Agriculture and Aquaculture?. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9080493"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, S., He, X., Tan, Y., Huang, G., Zhang, L., Lux, R., Shi, W., and Hu, F. (2013). Mapping the Tail Fiber as the Receptor Binding Protein Responsible for Differential Host Specificity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages PaP1 and JG004. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068562"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716614114","article-title":"Structural changes of tailless bacteriophage \u03a6X174 during penetration of bacterial cell walls","volume":"114","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.08.007","article-title":"Modeling tailed bacteriophage adsorption: Insight into mechanisms","volume":"485","author":"Storms","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnw002","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw002","article-title":"Host receptors for bacteriophage adsorption","volume":"363","author":"Storms","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2010-023","article-title":"Bacteriophage Receptors, Mechanisms of Phage Adsorption and Penetration into Host Cell","volume":"59","author":"Rakhuba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10039-2","article-title":"Silviavirus phage \u03a6MR003 displays a broad host range against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of human origin","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9269-x","article-title":"Analysis of phage resistance in Staphylococcus aureus SA003 reveals different binding mechanisms for the closely related Twort-like phages \u03a6SA012 and \u03a6SA039","volume":"102","author":"Azam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00085-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00085-19","article-title":"Bacteriophage Resistance Alters Antibiotic-Mediated Intestinal Expansion of Enterococci","volume":"87","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01876","article-title":"Genomic and Proteomic Characterizations of Sfin-1, a Novel Lytic Phage Infecting Multidrug-Resistant Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli C","volume":"10","author":"Ahamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altamirano, F.G., Forsyth, J.H., Patwa, R., Kostoulias, X., Trim, M., Subedi, V.O.R.I.P., Archer, S., Morris, V.O.R.I.P.C., Oliveira, C., and Kielty, L. (2020). Bacteriophages targeting Acinetobacter baumannii capsule induce antimicrobial resensitization. bioRxiv, 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.25.965590"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, B., Stanley, G.L., Kortright, K.E., Modak, M., Ott, I.M., Sun, Y., W\u00fcrstle, S., Grun, C., Kazmierczak, B., and Rajagopalan, G. (2023). Personalized Inhaled Bacteriophage Therapy Decreases Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.23.22283996"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02530-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02530-19","article-title":"Phage Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 Evolves via Diverse Mutations That Culminate in Impaired Adsorption","volume":"11","author":"Hesse","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725410","article-title":"Phage Therapy Pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"Abedon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Kutter, E., Raya, R., and Carlson, K. (2005). Bacteriophages: Biology and Application, CRC Press-Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Little, J.W. (2014). Lysogeny, Prophage Induction, and Lysogenic Conversion. Phages, 37\u201354.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816506.ch3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05195d","article-title":"Titanium dioxide-assisted photocatalytic induction of prophages to lytic cycle","volume":"10","author":"Skorb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/v5010150","article-title":"Lysogenic Conversion and Phage Resistance Development in Phage Exposed Escherichia coli Biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Moons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05741-11","article-title":"Reversing Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics by Phage-Mediated Delivery of Dominant Sensitive Genes","volume":"78","author":"Edgar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep44929","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44929","article-title":"Genetic engineering of a temperate phage-based delivery system for CRISPR\/Cas9 antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02382-15","article-title":"Isolation of Polyvalent Bacteriophages by Sequential Multiple-Host Approaches","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.108977","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and application of a polyvalent phage capable of controlling Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in different food matrices","volume":"131","author":"Duc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649673","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.649673","article-title":"A Novel Polyvalent Bacteriophage vB_EcoM_swi3 Infects Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"12","author":"Sui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683853","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.683853","article-title":"Characterization of a Broad-Host-Range Lytic Phage SHWT1 against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Efficacy in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201500440","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a T4-like phage with a relatively wide host range within Escherichia coli","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Melo, A.C.C., da Mata Gomes, A., Melo, F.L., Ardisson-Ara\u00fajo, D.M.P., De Vargas, A.P.C., Ely, V.L., Kitajima, E.W., Ribeiro, B.M., and Wolff, J.L.C. (2019). Characterization of a bacteriophage with broad host range against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from domestic animals. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1481-z"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Ackermann, H.W., and DuBow, M.S. (1987). Viruses of Prokaryotes: General Properties of Bacteriophages, CRC Press Inc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40349","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40349","article-title":"Characterization of two polyvalent phages infecting Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"7","author":"Hamdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9699-x","article-title":"Efficacy of polyvalent bacteriophage P-27\/HP to control multidrug resistant staphylococcus aureus associated with human infections","volume":"62","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyman, P. (2019). Phages for Phage Therapy: Isolation, Characterization, and Host Range Breadth. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010035"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76231-3","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a New Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus Temperate Bacteriophage","volume":"80","author":"Auad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00111-9","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophage, \u03a6JL-1, from a cucumber fermentation","volume":"84","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-010-0354-z","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new bacteriophage MMP17 from Meiothermus","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.01.024","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological analysis of adult perianal abscess","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8050","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008050","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of pyogenic liver abscess in a tertiary hospital in East China","volume":"96","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00174-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00174-20","article-title":"Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains from Liver Abscess in Taiwan","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01319-0","article-title":"Successful adjunctive use of bacteriophage therapy for treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a cystic fibrosis patient","volume":"47","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15714","article-title":"Bacteriophage isolated from non-target bacteria demonstrates broad host range infectivity against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"23","author":"Ngiam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602902","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.602902","article-title":"JD419, a Staphylococcus aureus Phage with a Unique Morphology and Broad Host Range","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morello, E., Saussereau, E., Maura, D., Huerre, M., Touqui, L., and Debarbieux, L. (2011). Pulmonary Bacteriophage Therapy on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cystic Fibrosis Strains: First Steps towards Treatment and Prevention. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016963"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2022.21010","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages from Wastewater with Phage Therapy Potentials against Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"54","author":"Khorshidtalab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723254","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3723254","article-title":"Isolation of Potential Phages against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Isolates: Promising Agents in the Rivers of Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"2017","author":"Bhetwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Summers, W.C. (1999). Felix d\u2019Herelle and the Origins of Molecular Biology, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Bacteriophage as a Therapeutic Agent","volume":"31","author":"Schultz","year":"1929","journal-title":"Calif. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.02.001","article-title":"Penicillin: Its discovery and early development","volume":"15","author":"Ligon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"3","article-title":"CLSI based antibiogram profile and the detection of MDR and XDR strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urine samples","volume":"33","author":"Girija","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran MJIRI"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16984","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.16984","article-title":"Microbial Susceptibility and Plasmid Profiles of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus","volume":"7","author":"Shahkarami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku035","article-title":"Dramatic increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Germany","volume":"69","author":"Gastmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.28","article-title":"Re-establishing a place for phage therapy in western medicine","volume":"10","author":"Kutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"435","article-title":"Experimental phage therapy against haematogenous multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in mice","volume":"5","author":"Oduor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.2.15845","article-title":"Phage treatment of human infections","volume":"1","author":"Abedon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.01.006","article-title":"Is phage therapy acceptable in the immunocompromised host?","volume":"12","author":"Borysowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Van Belleghem, J.D., de Vries, C.R., Burgener, E., Chen, Q., Manasherob, R., Aronson, J.R., Amanatullah, D.F., Tamma, P.D., and Suh, G.A. (2021). The Safety and Toxicity of Phage Therapy: A Review of Animal and Clinical Studies. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0231.v1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30482-1","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a cocktail of bacteriophages to treat burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PhagoBurn): A randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"19","author":"Jault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0437-z","article-title":"Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"25","author":"Dedrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2009.18.6.42801","article-title":"Bacteriophage therapy of venous leg ulcers in humans: Results of a phase I safety trial","volume":"18","author":"Rhoads","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01973.x","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of a therapeutic bacteriophage preparation in chronic otitis due to antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a preliminary report of efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitner, L., Sybesma, W., Chanishvili, N., Goderdzishvili, M., Chkhotua, A., Ujmajuridze, A., Schneider, M.P., Sartori, A., Mehnert, U., and Bachmann, L.M. (2017). Bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. BMC Urol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-017-0283-6"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13574","article-title":"Oral application of Escherichia coli bacteriophage: Safety tests in healthy and diarrheal children from Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Berger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506068","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.506068","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Myophage Abp9 against Pandrug Resistant Acinetobacater baumannii","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.7.S27","article-title":"Bacteriophage treatment of intransigent diabetic toe ulcers: A case series","volume":"25","author":"Fish","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637313","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.637313","article-title":"A Novel Acinetobacter baumannii Bacteriophage Endolysin LysAB54 with High Antibacterial Activity against Multiple Gram-Negative Microbes","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03302","article-title":"A Novel Phage PD-6A3, and Its Endolysin Ply6A3, with Extended Lytic Activity against Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"120","article-title":"Lytic Bacteriophages against Bacterial Biofilms Formed by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burn Wounds","volume":"2","author":"Pallavali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"63","article-title":"Potential possibilities of using phage typing in elimination of multidrug resistant staphylococci","volume":"54","author":"Doroszkiewicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, M. (2017). Phage typing or CRISPR typing for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella Typhimurium?. BMC Res. Notes, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2878-0"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21276\/aimdr.2017.3.1.MB1","article-title":"Bacteriophage Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Changing Trend in their Antibiotic Profile","volume":"3","author":"Velayudham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0215821","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02158-21","article-title":"Co-Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Pathogenic Clones of Human Relevance in an Equine Pneumonia Case","volume":"10","author":"Venturini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.06.006","article-title":"Bacteriophage cocktail significantly reduces or eliminates Listeria monocytogenes contamination on lettuce, apples, cheese, smoked salmon and frozen foods","volume":"52","author":"Perera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-1996-8","article-title":"Bacteriophage biocontrol of foodborne pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Kazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01355","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of phiLLS, a Novel Phage with Potential Biocontrol Agent against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Amarillas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34803-7","article-title":"Self-assembling nanofibrous bacteriophage microgels as sprayable antimicrobials targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-017-1424-6","article-title":"Bacteriophages as Biological Control Agents of Enteric Bacteria Contaminating Edible Oysters","volume":"75","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747950","article-title":"Non-active antibiotic and bacteriophage synergism to successfully treat recurrent urinary tract infection caused by extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1471","article-title":"Analysis of Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Isolation, Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages Targeting Multi Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Arumugam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2012.02573.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of wide host range lytic bacteriophage AP22 infecting Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"332","author":"Popova","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid.1036727","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Novel Lytic Phages to Combat Multidrug-Resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp","volume":"11","author":"Nyachieo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arumugam, S.N., Manohar, P., Sukumaran, S., Sadagopan, S., Loh, B., Leptihn, S., and Nachimuthu, R. (2022). Antibacterial efficacy of lytic phages against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in bacteraemia mice models. BMC Microbiol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02603-0"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684704","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.684704","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Virulent Klebsiella Phage Kp_Pokalde_002 in a Mouse Model","volume":"11","author":"Dhungana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6225","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6225","article-title":"Efficacy and potential of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, J., Liu, X., Li, Y., Han, W., Lei, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, H., Gao, Y., Song, J., and Lu, R. (2012). A Method for Generation Phage Cocktail with Great Therapeutic Potential. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031698"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2019.0235","article-title":"A New Phage Cocktail against Multidrug, ESBL-Producer Isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri with Highly Efficient Bacteriolytic Activity","volume":"26","author":"Shahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.10.025","article-title":"Potential of phage cocktails in the inactivation of Enterobacter cloacae\u2014An in vitro study in a buffer solution and in urine samples","volume":"211","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.613529","article-title":"Analysis of Selection Methods to Develop Novel Phage Therapy Cocktails against Antimicrobial Resistant Clinical Isolates of Bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Haines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.-Y., Lo, Y.-H., Tseng, P.-W., Chang, S.-F., Lin, Y.-T., and Chen, T.-S. (2012). A T3 and T7 Recombinant Phage Acquires Efficient Adsorption and a Broader Host Range. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030954"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.015","article-title":"Engineering Phage Host-Range and Suppressing Bacterial Resistance through Phage Tail Fiber Mutagenesis","volume":"179","author":"Yehl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba1590","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba1590","article-title":"Bioinorganic hybrid bacteriophage for modulation of intestinal microbiota to remodel tumor-immune microenvironment against colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b12936","article-title":"Phage-Guided Targeting, Discriminative Imaging, and Synergistic Killing of Bacteria by AIE Bioconjugates","volume":"142","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S156815","article-title":"Difunctional bacteriophage conjugated with photosensitizers for Candida albicans-targeting photodynamic inactivation","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05493-11","article-title":"Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Meat by Using Phages Immobilized on Modified Cellulose Membranes","volume":"77","author":"Anany","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelsattar, A.S., Nofal, R., Makky, S., Safwat, A., Taha, A., and El-Shibiny, A. (2021). The Synergistic Effect of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles and Phage ZCSE2 as a Novel Approach to Combat Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060678"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, A., Pereira, C., and Almeida, A. (2018). Sequential Combined Effect of Phages and Antibiotics on the Inactivation of Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040125"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1088124","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2015.1088124","article-title":"Bacteriophage administration significantly reduces Shigella colonization and shedding by Shigella-challenged mice without deleterious side effects and distortions in the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Mai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002203","article-title":"Bacteriophage Therapy Testing against Shigella flexneri in a Novel Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Infection Model","volume":"68","author":"Citorik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/10\/1467\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1760130449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/10\/1467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16101467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16101467","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]}}}