{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:44Z","timestamp":1787029244878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under the name of the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS-19-0880697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS-19-0880697"]}]},{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education under the name of the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["RSP 2023R122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP 2023R122"]}]},{"name":"Universitas Jambi 2021 via Skema Hibah Penelitian Unggulan dan Inovasi Fakultas","award":["FRGS-19-0880697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS-19-0880697"]}]},{"name":"Universitas Jambi 2021 via Skema Hibah Penelitian Unggulan dan Inovasi Fakultas","award":["RSP 2023R122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP 2023R122"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["FRGS-19-0880697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS-19-0880697"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP 2023R122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP 2023R122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychotria malayana Jack (Family: Rubiaceae, local name: Salung) is a traditional herb used to treat diabetes. A previous study by our research group demonstrated that P. malayana methanolic and water extract exhibits significant potential as an effective agent for managing diabetes. Further research has been performed on the extraction optimization of this plant to enhance its inhibitory activity against \u03b1-glucosidase, a key enzyme associated with diabetes, and to reduce its toxicity. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of the optimized P. malayana leaf extract (OE), to evaluate its toxicity using a zebrafish embryo\/larvae model, and to analyze its metabolites. The anti-diabetic effects were assessed by investigating \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition (AGI), while the inflammation inhibitory activity was performed using the soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory (SLOXI) test. The assessment of antioxidant activity was performed utilizing FRAP and DPPH assays. The toxicology study was conducted using the zebrafish embryo\/larvae (Danio rerio) model. The metabolites present in the extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS. OE demonstrated significant AGI and SLOXI activities, represented as 2.02 and 4.92 \u00b5g\/mL for IC50 values, respectively. It exhibited potent antioxidant activities as determined by IC50 values of 13.08 \u00b5g\/mL (using the DPPH assay) and 95.44 mmol TE\/mg DW (using the FRAP assay), and also demonstrated an LC50 value of 224.29 \u00b5g\/mL, which surpasses its therapeutic index of 111.03. OE exhibited a higher therapeutic index compared to that of the methanol extract (13.84) stated in the previous state of the art. This suggests that OE exhibits a lower level of toxicity, making it safer for use, and has the potential to be highly effective in its anti-diabetic activity. Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated the presence of several constituents in this extract. Among them, several compounds, such as propanoic acid, succinic acid, D-tagatose, myo-inositol, isorhamnetin, moracin M-3\u2032-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside, procyanidin B3, and leucopelargonidin, have been reported as possessing anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities. This finding offers great potential for future research in diabetes treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T11:27:06Z","timestamp":1701775626000},"page":"1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In Vitro Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Activities and Toxicological Study of Optimized Psychotria malayana Jack Leaves Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharifah Nurul Akilah","family":"Syed Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-0789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfi","family":"Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Central Research and Animal Facility, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60155, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2769-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Zaiton Mat","family":"So\u2019ad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qamar Uddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zalikha","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanzina Sharmin","family":"Nipun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5144-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaryanto","family":"Humaryanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jambi, Jambi 36122, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"AlAjmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden A. M.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Capio Saint G\u00f6ran\u2019s Hospital, Sankt G\u00f6ransplan 1, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham R.","family":"El-Seedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 31100107, Egypt"},{"name":"International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu Education Department, Jiangsu University, Nanjing 210024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, September 02). 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