{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:15:20Z","timestamp":1785496520886,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]],"date-time":"2023-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tolentino Eye Research Foundation"},{"name":"Aviceda Therapeutics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of visual loss and dysfunction worldwide, is a disease initiated by genetic polymorphisms that impair the negative regulation of complement. Proteomic investigation points to altered glycosylation and loss of Siglec-mediated glyco-immune checkpoint parainflammatory and inflammatory homeostasis as the main determinant for the vision impairing complications of macular degeneration. The effect of altered glycosylation on microglial maintained retinal para-inflammatory homeostasis and eventual recruitment and polarization of peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMDMs) into the retina can explain the phenotypic variability seen in this clinically heterogenous disease. Restoring glyco-immune checkpoint control with a sialic acid mimetic agonist targeting microglial\/macrophage Siglecs to regain retinal para-inflammatory and inflammatory homeostasis is a promising therapeutic that could halt the progression of and improve visual function in all stages of macular degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T03:59:24Z","timestamp":1702871964000},"page":"1735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sialic Acid Mimetic Microglial Sialic Acid-Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectin Agonism: Potential to Restore Retinal Homeostasis and Regain Visual Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4914-7356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Tolentino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Orlando College of Osteopathic Medicine, Orlando, FL 34787, USA"},{"name":"Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Tolentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Tolentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anitha","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Genead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aviceda Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011504","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011504","article-title":"How does age-related macular degeneration affect real-world visual ability and quality of life? 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