{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:07:58Z","timestamp":1790899678265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]],"date-time":"2024-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the intricate dynamics of intranasal spray deposition within nasal models, considering variations in head orientation and stages of the nasal cycle. Employing controlled delivery conditions, we compared the deposition patterns of saline nasal sprays in models representing congestion (N1), normal (N0), and decongestion (P1, P2) during one nasal cycle. The results highlighted the impact of the nasal cycle on spray distribution, with congestion leading to confined deposition and decongestion allowing for broader dispersion of spray droplets and increased sedimentation towards the posterior turbinate. In particular, the progressive nasal dilation from N1 to P2 decreased the spray deposition in the middle turbinate. The head angle, in conjunction with the nasal cycle, significantly influenced the nasal spray deposition distribution, affecting targeted drug delivery within the nasal cavity. Despite controlled parameters, a notable variance in deposition was observed, emphasizing the complex interplay of gravity, flow shear, nasal cycle, and nasal morphology. The magnitude of variance increased as the head tilt angle increased backward from upright to 22.5\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 due to increasing gravity and liquid film destabilization, especially under decongestion conditions (P1, P2). This study\u2019s findings underscore the importance of considering both natural physiological variations and head orientation in optimizing intranasal drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T07:59:20Z","timestamp":1704700760000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Assessing Nasal Epithelial Dynamics: Impact of the Natural Nasal Cycle on Intranasal Spray Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9647-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Seifelnasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxiang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"The intranasal trigeminal system: Roles in rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic)","volume":"26","author":"Ulusoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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