{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:08:51Z","timestamp":1788368931592,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["945151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945151"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background Pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders has shown to only be effective in about one-third of patients, as it is associated with frequent treatment failure, often because of side effects, and a long process of trial-and-error pharmacotherapy until an effective and tolerable treatment is found. This notion emphasizes the urgency for a personalized medicine approach in psychiatry. (2) Methods This prospective patient- and rater-blinded, randomized, controlled study will investigate the effect of dose-adjustment of antidepressants escitalopram and sertraline or antipsychotics risperidone and aripiprazole according to the latest state-of-the-art international dosing recommendations for CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 metabolizer status in patients with mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. A total sample of N = 2500 will be recruited at nine sites in seven countries (expected drop-out rate of 30%). Patients will be randomized to a pharmacogenetic group or a dosing-as-usual group and treated over a 24-week period with four study visits. The primary outcome is personal recovery using the Recovery Assessment Scale as assessed by the patient (RAS-DS), with secondary outcomes including clinical effects (response or symptomatic remission), side effects, general well-being, digital phenotyping, and psychosocial functioning. (3) Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first international, multi-center, non-industry-sponsored randomized controlled trial (RCT) that may provide insights into the effectiveness and utility of implementing pharmacogenetic-guided treatment of psychiatric disorders, and as such, results will be incorporated in already available dosing guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T04:35:40Z","timestamp":1706070940000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A New Intervention for Implementation of Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry: A Description of the PSY-PGx Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teuntje A. D.","family":"Pelgrim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, 1062HN Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6876-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2291-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan H.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Juruena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6929-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic & Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, University of Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduard","family":"Vieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic & Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, University of Barcelona, 08036 Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marin","family":"Juki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Van der Eycken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks-Europe (GAMIAN-Europe), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urs","family":"Heilbronner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"},{"name":"Manchester Center for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martien J. H.","family":"Kas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj R.","family":"Jagesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"N\u00f6then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn and University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noam","family":"Shomron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0645-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L.","family":"Kilarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9r\u00e8se","family":"van Amelsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6226NB Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4778-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bea","family":"Campforts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6226NB Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The PSY-PGx Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roos","family":"van Westrhenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, 1062HN Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6226NB Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"St. John\u2019s National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560034, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","article-title":"The Size and Burden of Mental Disorders and Other Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010","volume":"21","author":"Wittchen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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