{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:35:45Z","timestamp":1791524145732,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The underdevelopment of adjuvant discovery and diversity, compared to core vaccine technology, is evident. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is on the list of the top ten threats to global health. Immunomodulatory peptides that target a pathogen and modulate the immune system simultaneously are promising for the development of preventive and therapeutic molecules. Since investigating innate immunity in insects has led to prominent achievements in human immunology, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) discovery, we used the capacity of the immunomodulatory peptides of arthropods with concomitant antimicrobial or antitumor activity. An SVM-based machine learning classifier identified short immunomodulatory sequences encrypted in 643 antimicrobial peptides from 55 foe-to-friend arthropods. The critical features involved in efficacy and safety were calculated. Finally, 76 safe immunomodulators were identified. Then, molecular docking and simulation studies defined the target of the most optimal peptide ligands among all human cell-surface TLRs. SPalf2-453 from a crab is a cell-penetrating immunoadjuvant with antiviral properties. The peptide interacts with the TLR1\/2 heterodimer. SBsib-711 from a blackfly is a TLR4\/MD2 ligand used as a cancer vaccine immunoadjuvant. In addition, SBsib-711 binds CD47 and PD-L1 on tumor cells, which is applicable in cancer immunotherapy as a checkpoint inhibitor. MRh4-679 from a shrimp is a broad-spectrum or universal immunoadjuvant with a putative Th1\/Th2-balanced response. We also implemented a pathway enrichment analysis to define fingerprints or immunological signatures for further in vitro and in vivo immunogenicity and reactogenicity measurements. Conclusively, combinatorial machine learning, molecular docking, and simulation studies, as well as systems biology, open a new opportunity for the discovery and development of multifunctional prophylactic and therapeutic lead peptides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiva","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Saeidikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Seradj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolali","family":"Mohagheghzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phytopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345-1583, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia2040118","article-title":"Antifungals and Drug Resistance","volume":"2","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartelli, M., Hardcastle, T.C., Catena, F., Chichom-Mefire, A., Coccolini, F., Dhingra, S., Haque, M., Hodonou, A., Iskandar, K., and Labricciosa, F.M. 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