{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:44Z","timestamp":1787029244683,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["KEP-25-166-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEP-25-166-42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study was conducted to examine the possible advantages of Heydotis corymbosa (L.) Lam. extract nanogel as a perspective for enhanced permeation and extended skin deposition in psoriasis-like dermatitis. Optimised nanophytosomes (NPs) were embedded in a pluronic gel base to obtain nanogel and tested ex vivo (skin penetration and dermatokinetics) and in vivo. The optimised NPs had a spherical form and entrapment efficiency of 73.05 \u00b1 1.45% with a nanosized and zeta potential of 86.11 nm and \u221210.40 mV, respectively. Structural evaluations confirmed encapsulation of the drug in the NPs. Topical administration of prepared nanogel to a rat model of psoriasis-like dermatitis revealed its specific in vivo anti-psoriatic efficacy in terms of drug activity compared to the control and other formulations. Nanogel had improved skin integrity and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that developed phytoconstituent-based nanogel has the potential to alleviate psoriasis-like dermatitis with better skin retention and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T07:50:12Z","timestamp":1707205812000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nanophytosomal Gel of Heydotis corymbosa (L.) Extract against Psoriasis: Characterisation, In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neelam","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ITS College of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaz Mukarram","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneet","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Abuzinadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8268-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aftab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information Technology Department, The Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacovigilance and Medication Safety Unit, Centre of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6658-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radha","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lloyd Institutes of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida 201306, UP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swapnil","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITS College of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Vinayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITS College of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanati, A., Marani, A., Martina, E., Diotallevi, F., Radi, G., and Offidani, A. (2021). Psoriasis as an Immune-Mediated and Inflammatory Systemic Disease: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111511"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Psoriasis: A Review of Existing Therapies and Recent Advances in Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Dutta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00305.x","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Preprandial versus Postprandial Administration of Low-Dose Cyclosporin Microemulsion (Neoral) in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"34","author":"Hashizume","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S156412","article-title":"Pivotal Role of Acitretin Nanovesicular Gel for Effective Treatment of Psoriasis: Ex Vivo-In Vivo Evaluation Study","volume":"13","author":"Hamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJN"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102663","article-title":"Phytoconstituents Based Nanomedicines for the Management of Psoriasis","volume":"64","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.156","article-title":"Understanding the Prospective of Nano-Formulations towards the Treatment of Psoriasis","volume":"107","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.374","article-title":"Gone but Not Forgotten: Lesional Memory in Psoriatic Skin","volume":"131","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.05.020","article-title":"Novel Colloidal Carriers for Psoriasis: Current Issues, Mechanistic Insight and Novel Delivery Approaches","volume":"170","author":"Pradhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021359","article-title":"Methotrexate versus Cyclosporine in Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"349","author":"Heydendael","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.054","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Methotrexate Use and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"108","author":"Micha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12088","article-title":"Phototherapy, Psoriasis, and the Age of Biologics","volume":"30","author":"Richard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2020.04.004","article-title":"Cytokines in Psoriasis","volume":"100","author":"Reiche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8702-3","article-title":"The Immunologic Role of IL-17 in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Increased Levels of Interleukin-17A Exosomes in Psoriasis","volume":"99","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B.-Y., Cheng, Y.-G., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Tan, J.-Y., Guan, W., Guo, S., Kuang, H.-X., and Datura Metel, L. (2019). Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Dermatitis and Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokines Production through TLR7\/8\u2013MyD88\u2013NF-\u03baB\u2013NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112157"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.12.010","article-title":"A Brief Look at the Role of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (CCL2) in the Pathophysiology of Psoriasis","volume":"110","author":"Behfar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12409","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012409","article-title":"Psoriatic Skin Inflammation Is Promoted by c-Jun\/AP-1-dependent CCL2 and IL-23 Expression in Dendritic Cells","volume":"13","author":"Novoszel","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petit, R.G., Cano, A., Ortiz, A., Espina, M., Prat, J., Mu\u00f1oz, M., Severino, P., Souto, E.B., Garc\u00eda, M.L., and Pujol, M. (2021). Psoriasis: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacological and Nano-Technological-Based Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094983"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2022.2117373","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Novel Methotrexate-Loaded Electrospun Patch to Alleviate Psoriasis Plaques","volume":"48","author":"Hashemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200604162258","article-title":"Treatment Modalities of Psoriasis: A Focus on Requisite for Topical Nanocarrier","volume":"21","author":"Ramanunny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.01.002","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Studies on Hedyotis corymbosa (L.)","volume":"106","author":"Sadasivan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lam. J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01290.x","article-title":"Proteomics Displays Cytoskeletal Proteins and Chaperones Involvement in Hedyotis corymbosa\u2014Induced Photokilling in Skin Cancer Cells","volume":"20","author":"You","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, C., Zheng, T., Zhang, J., Shi, Y., Peng, J., Liu, L., Xiao, H., Han, Y., Chen, K., and Zhang, X. (2020). Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of Hedyotis corymbosa extract on chronic stress-induced depression model of rat\u2014A in vivo and ex vivo study. Res. Sq., in press.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-15786\/v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.12.011","article-title":"Evaluation of Antinociceptive Effect of Ethanol Extract of Hedyotis corymbosa Linn. Whole Plant in Mice","volume":"161","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3329\/bpj.v21i2.37924","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Activity of Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam. Extract Against Anti-Tubercular Drug Induced Hepatic Damage in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"21","author":"Lina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangla. Pharma. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8617070","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8617070","article-title":"Extraction, Characterization, Antioxidant, and Immunostimulatory Activities of Polysaccharides from Hedyotis corymbosa","volume":"2018","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2019.1612475","article-title":"Enhanced Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy and Regulation of Oxidative Stress of a Novel Topical Babchi Oil (Psoralea corylifolia) Cyclodextrin-Based Nanogel in a Mouse Tail Model","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danaei, M., Dehghankhold, M., Ataei, S., Hasanzadeh Davarani, F., Javanmard, R., Dokhani, A., Khorasani, S., and Mozafari, M.R. (2018). Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2020.1867166","article-title":"Rosuvastatin Calcium-Based Novel Nanocubic Vesicles Capped with Silver Nanoparticles-Loaded Hydrogel for Wound Healing Management: Optimization Employing Box\u2013Behnken Design: In Vitro and in Vivo Assessment","volume":"32","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120990","article-title":"A Transferosome-Loaded Bigel for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery and Antibacterial Activity of Vancomycin Hydrochloride","volume":"607","author":"Maji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.09.016","article-title":"Predicting Drug Release Kinetics from Nanocarriers inside Dialysis Bags","volume":"315","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhakamy, N.A., Aldawsari, H.M., Ali, J., Gupta, D.K., Warsi, M.H., Bilgrami, A.L., Asfour, H.Z., Noor, A.O., and Md, S. (2021). Brucine-Loaded Transliposomes Nanogel for Topical Delivery in Skin Cancer: Statistical Optimization, in Vitro and Dermatokinetic Evaluation. 3 Biotech, 11.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-021-02841-5"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00346","article-title":"Degradable Controlled-Release Polymers and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Mechanisms of Controlling Drug Release","volume":"116","author":"Kamaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Lee, G.-Y., Bae, G., Kang, M.-J., and Lim, K.-M. (2021). ChemSkin Reference Chemical Database for the Development of an In Vitro Skin Irritation Test. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9110314"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v19i1.43891","article-title":"Standardadization and Skin Irritation Potential of Herbal Analgesic Cream Containing Nigella Sativa Seed Oil","volume":"19","author":"Sohail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04523-3","article-title":"Advances in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis: From Keratinocyte Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2018.44265","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening and Metallic Ion Content and Its Impact on the Antipsoriasis Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Calendula Officinalis and Phlebodium Decumanum in an Animal Experiment Model","volume":"16","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/17435390903276941","article-title":"The Relationship between pH and Zeta Potential of \u223c30 Nm Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Suspensions Relevant to in Vitro Toxicological Evaluations","volume":"3","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2021.06.006","article-title":"Entrapment of Silver Nanoparticles in L-\u03b1-Phosphatidylcholine\/Cholesterol-Based Liposomes Mitigates the Oxidative Stress in Human Keratinocyte (HaCaT) Cells","volume":"166","author":"Piechowiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algahtani, M.S., Ahmad, M.Z., Nourein, I.H., and Ahmad, J. (2020). Co-Delivery of Imiquimod and Curcumin by Nanoemugel for Improved Topical Delivery and Reduced Psoriasis-Like Skin Lesions. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10070968"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20057","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c07843","article-title":"Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles as a Topical Agent for Treating Psoriasis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E04482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04482","article-title":"Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) of Curcumin Attenuates Depression in Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats","volume":"6","author":"Aswar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, A., Imam, S.S., Alruwaili, N.K., Alsaidan, O.A., Elkomy, M.H., Ghoneim, M.M., Alshehri, S., Ali, A.M.A., Alharbi, K.S., and Yasir, M. (2021). Development of Piperine-Loaded Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: Optimization, In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, and In-Vivo Evaluation. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11112920"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Badri, T., Kumar, P., and Oakley, A.M. (2022). Plaque Psoriasis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101775","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipidic Carriers for Dual Drug Delivery in the Management of Psoriasis: Systematic Optimization, Dermatokinetic and Preclinical Evaluation","volume":"57","author":"Qadir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapalli, V.K., Sharma, S., Roy, A., and Singhvi, G. (2021). Design and Dermatokinetic Evaluation of Apremilast Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Embedded Gel for Topical Delivery: A Potential Approach for Improved Permeation and Prolong Skin Deposition. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111945"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151911","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151911","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 Enzymes Represent a Shared Pathogenic Pathway in Psoriasis and Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.09.021","article-title":"Psoriasis: The Epidermal Component","volume":"25","author":"Tschachler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.IJP_506_19","article-title":"Development of a Psoriatic-like Skin Inflammation Rat Model Using Imiquimod as an Inducing Agent","volume":"53","author":"Parmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purzycka-Bohdan, D., Nedoszytko, B., Zab\u0142otna, M., Gle\u0144, J., Szczerkowska-Dobosz, A., and Nowicki, R.J. (2022). Chemokine Profile in Psoriasis Patients in Correlation with Disease Severity and Pruritus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113330"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834","article-title":"Qualitative Tests for Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: An Overview","volume":"8","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temesgen, S., Sasikumar, J.M., and Egigu, M.C. (2022). Effect of Extraction Solvents on Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Syzygium aromaticum L. Flower Bud from Ethiopia. Biomed. Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4568944"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0221-8","article-title":"Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract after Incorporating Silver Nanoparticles, in Vitro Study","volume":"43","author":"Shousha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/07328303.2019.1567754","article-title":"Simple Method for the Determination of Polysaccharides in Herbal Syrup","volume":"37","author":"Stojilkovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2016.1167699","article-title":"Optimization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Topical Delivery of Nimesulide Using Box\u2013Behnken Design Approach","volume":"45","author":"Moghddam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01088","article-title":"Probing Nanoliposomes Using Single Particle Analytical Techniques: Effect of Excipients, Solvents, Phase Transition and Zeta Potential","volume":"4","author":"Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamilarasan, N., Yasmin, B.M., Anitha, P., Umme, H., Cheng, W.H., Mohan, S., Ramkanth, S., and Janakiraman, A.K. (2022). Box\u2013Behnken Design: Optimization of Proanthocyanidin-Loaded Transferosomes as an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Osteoarthritis. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12172954"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharaf, N.S., Shetta, A., Elhalawani, J.E., and Mamdouh, W. (2022). Applying Box\u2013Behnken Design for Formulation and Optimization of PLGA-Coffee Nanoparticles and Detecting Enhanced Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010144"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"591","article-title":"Simvastatin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery: Formulation Development and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"75","author":"Padhye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.013","article-title":"Drug Release and Kinetic Models of Anticancer Drug (BTZ) from a pH-Responsive Alginate Polydopamine Hydrogel: Towards Cancer Chemotherapy","volume":"141","author":"Rezk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1517\/17425241003602259","article-title":"Drug Release Kinetics and Transport Mechanisms of Non-Degradable and Degradable Polymeric Delivery Systems","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2020","article-title":"A Review on Stability Testing Guidelines of Pharmaceutical Products","volume":"13","author":"Zothanpuii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2024, January 15). ICH Q1A (R2) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Drug Products\u2014Scientific Guideline. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/ich-q1a-r2-stability-testing-new-drug-substances-and-drug-products-scientific-guideline."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"32","article-title":"A Study of Hepatoprotective Activity of Hedyotis corymbosa. Linn, in Albino Rats","volume":"28","author":"Chimkode","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9431819","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9431819","article-title":"Formulation and Characterization of Potential Antifungal Oleogel with Essential Oil of Thyme","volume":"2018","author":"Kasparaviciene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2020.33239","article-title":"Development of an Aloe Vera-Based Emulgel for the Topical Delivery of Desoximetasone","volume":"18","author":"Sainy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"251","article-title":"Sensory and Instrumental Texture Analysis of Bulgarian Commercial Pates","volume":"9","author":"Tonchev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2014.09.007","article-title":"Suitability of Skin Integrity Tests for Dermal Absorption Studies in Vitro","volume":"29","author":"Guth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200218666170306104042","article-title":"Dermatokinetics as an Important Tool to Assess the Bioavailability of Drugs by Topical Nanocarriers","volume":"18","author":"Thotakura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0681-1","article-title":"Biocompatible Phospholipid-Based Mixed Micelles for Tamoxifen Delivery: Promising Evidences from In-Vitro Anticancer Activity and Dermatokinetic Studies","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.034","article-title":"Animal Models of Psoriasis-Highlights and Drawbacks","volume":"147","author":"Manzke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"79","article-title":"How to Control Confounding Effects by Statistical Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Pourhoseingholi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, B. (1998). Book Review: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, National Academies Press.","DOI":"10.1177\/026119299802600313"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.075","article-title":"Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation","volume":"111","author":"Dev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-019-00013-5","article-title":"Acute and Subacute Dermal Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Melastoma Malabathricum Leaves in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"36","author":"Reduan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.04.022","article-title":"Quercetin Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation in Mice via the NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06445-3","article-title":"Molecular and Histopathological Profiling of Imiquimod Induced Dermatosis in Swiss Wistar Rats: Contribution to the Rat Model for Novel Anti-Psoriasis Treatments","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/2\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:57Z","timestamp":1760104557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/2\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17020213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17020213","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}}}