{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:10:23Z","timestamp":1792509023825,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SECURED","award":["5KL2TR002387-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5KL2TR002387-05"]}]},{"name":"SECURED","award":["T32CA009566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA009566"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["5KL2TR002387-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5KL2TR002387-05"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["T32CA009566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA009566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the standard of care for a growing number of malignancies. Unfortunately, they are associated with a broad range of unique toxicities that mimic the presentations of primary autoimmune conditions. These adverse events are termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), of which ICI-lupus erythematosus (ICI-LE) constitutes a small percentage. Our review aims to describe the available literature on ICI-LE and ICI treatment for patients with pre-existing lupus. Most diagnoses of ICI-LE had findings of only cutaneous lupus; four diagnoses of ICI-LE had systemic lupus manifestations. Over 90% (27 of 29) of cases received anti-PD-1\/PDL-1 monotherapy, 1 received combination therapy, and 1 received only anti-CTLA-4 treatment. About three-fourths (22 of 29 or 76%) of patients with ICI-lupus were managed with topical steroids, 13 (45%) received hydroxychloroquine, and 10 (34%) required oral corticosteroids. In our case series, none of the patients with pre-existing lupus receiving ICI therapy for cancer had a flare of their lupus, but few had de novo irAE manifestations, all of which were characterized as low-grade. The review of the literature yielded seven ICI-LE flares from a total of 27 patients with pre-existing lupus who received ICI. Most flares were manageable without need for ICI cessation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1707995941000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hans","family":"Vitzthum von Eckstaedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arohi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of the University of Chicago, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7645-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankti","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, June 18). 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