{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:43:47Z","timestamp":1791434627405,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSP2024R131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024R131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nadolol is a long-acting non-selective \u03b2\u2013adrenergic antagonist that helps treat angina and hypertension. The current study aimed to develop and validate the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) of nadolol in healthy adults, renal-compromised, and pediatric populations. A comprehensive PBPK model was established by utilizing a PK-Sim simulator. After establishing and validating the model in healthy adults, pathophysiological changes i.e., blood flow, hematocrit, and GFR that occur in renal failure were incorporated in the developed model, and the drug exposure was assessed through Box plots. The pediatric model was also developed and evaluated by considering the renal maturation process. The validation of the models was carried out by visual predictive checks, calculating predicted to observed (Rpre\/obs) and the average fold error (AFE) of PK parameters i.e., the area under the concentration\u2013time curve (AUC0-t), the maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax), and CL (clearance). The presented PBPK model successfully simulates the nadolol PK in healthy adults, renal-impaired, and pediatric populations, as the Rpre\/obs values of all PK parameters fall within the acceptable range. The established PBPK model can be useful in nadolol dose optimization in patients with renal failure and children with supraventricular tachycardia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T10:40:15Z","timestamp":1708339215000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comprehensive Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Nadolol in Adults with Renal Disease and Pediatrics with Supraventricular Tachycardia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Samia","family":"Kalsoom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fawad","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmaceutics, University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Grenoble Alpes University, 38700 La Tronche, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3924-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faleh","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(76)90296-X","article-title":"Anti-arrhythmic action of nadolol, a \u03b2-adrenergic receptor blocking agent","volume":"35","author":"Evans","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. 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