{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:58:19Z","timestamp":1780671499700,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization), Thailand","award":["CRP6105022130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6105022130"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization), Thailand","award":["016-2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016-2560"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Research Fund, Chiang Mai University","award":["CRP6105022130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6105022130"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Research Fund, Chiang Mai University","award":["016-2560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016-2560"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-grade chronic inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction are prominent risk factors of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in obesity. Thus, prevention of inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction could be one possible approach to mitigate T2DM development. Several Ficus species have been used in traditional medicine for ameliorating inflammation and T2DM. Our previous studies reported biological effects of Ficus lindsayana including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-\u03b1-glucosidase activities. Further, this study therefore investigated whether F. lindsayana latex (FLLE) and root (FLRE) extracts inhibit inflammation-stimulated insulin resistance in adipocytes and inflammation in macrophages. FLLE and FLRE (200 \u00b5g\/mL) had no significant cytotoxicity for macrophages, adipocytes, and blood cells (PBMCs and RBCs). FLRE had a total flavonoid content about three times higher than FLLE, while both had similar levels of total phenolic content. FLRE showed higher abilities than FLLE in suppressing inflammation in both macrophages and adipocytes and reversing the inflammation-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes. In TNF-\u03b1-induced adipocytes, FLRE significantly improved insulin-induced glucose uptake and insulin-suppressed lipolysis, while FLLE only significantly improved glucose uptake. Moreover, FLRE and FLLE remarkably reduced chemoattractant (MCP-1) but improved adipogenic (PPAR\u03b3 and CEBP\u03b1) gene expression, leading to the promotion of adipogenesis and the suppression of insulin resistance. In LPS-induced macrophages, FLRE, but not FLLE, significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production. Moreover, FLRE significantly reduced LPS-stimulated iNOS, COX-2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 gene expression. These results may provide the potential data for the development of this plant, especially the root part, as an alternative medicine, functional ingredient, or food supplement for the prevention of inflammation and obesity-associated insulin resistance, as well as T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1708662683000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Adipocyte Dysfunction Effects of Ficus lindsayana Latex and Root Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1629-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jirarat","family":"Karinchai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pensiri","family":"Buacheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daraphan","family":"Rodthayoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanpitcha","family":"Yodweerapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2787-2461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arisa","family":"Imsumran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9238-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariyaphong","family":"Wongnoppavich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanumas","family":"Chantarasuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, Khlong 5, Khlong Laung, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uthaiwan","family":"Suttisansanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7590-7024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piya","family":"Temviriyanukul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6219-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornsiri","family":"Pitchakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00052","article-title":"Mechanisms of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance: Insights into the emerging role of nutritional strategies","volume":"4","author":"McArdle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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