{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:45:38Z","timestamp":1789821938780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academic Leadership Grant from Directorate of Research and Community Service, Universitas Padjadjaran"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Empirically, in Indonesia, the leaves of Cassia alata L. (candle bush or ketepeng cina) have been used as a topical antifungal agent. Malassezia furfur is a natural microorganism found in the human body. It is among the factors contributing to conditions such as pityriasis versicolor, a common, benign, superficial fungal infection of the skin that is closely associated with seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. This study aimed to explore C. alata leaves, starting from determining antifungal activity against M. furfur and the identification of major compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions, and then we carried out molecular docking of the major compounds in the n-hexane fraction to lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase. The method was the disc diffusion technique to test antifungal activity, LC-MS\/MS for major compound identification, and homology modeling through Swiss Models for molecular docking. The fractions of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract showed concentration-dependent antifungal activity against M. furfur. The LCMS\/MS analysis revealed five major compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions. The molecular docking demonstrated the highest binding affinity with stearidonic acid at \u22127.2 kcal\/mol. It can be concluded that the compounds in the n-hexane fraction have antifungal activity against M. furfur, as supported by both in vitro and in silico studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cassia alata L.: A Study of Antifungal Activity against Malassezia furfur, Identification of Major Compounds, and Molecular Docking to Lanosterol 14-Alpha Demethylase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyi Mekar","family":"Saptarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Resmi","family":"Mustarichie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviana","family":"Hasanuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Mandala Waluya, Kendari 93561, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Jho-Anne Tolentino","family":"Corpuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Phytochemicals: Extraction methods, identification, and detection of bioactive compounds from plant extracts","volume":"6","author":"Ingle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Concept of standardization, extraction, and pre-phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug","volume":"2","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04396","article-title":"Chemical constituents, usage and pharmacological activity of Cassia alata","volume":"6","author":"Fatmawati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety","volume":"4","author":"Ekor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontier Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K. (2015). Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.05.008","article-title":"Senna alata","volume":"80","author":"Hennebelle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2024, March 04). Senna Species, Candle Bush, Candelabra Bush, Empress Candle Plant, Golden Candlestick. Available online: https:\/\/davesgarden.com\/guides\/pf\/go\/371."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2007.334.340","article-title":"Nutritive value, phytochemical and antifungal properties of Pergularia tomentosa L. (Asclepiadaceae)","volume":"3","author":"Hassan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2023.9711","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antifungal activity of Cassia alata (Linn.) crude leaf extracts","volume":"17","author":"Edegbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afri. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.26452\/ijrps.v10i2.260","article-title":"Antidermatophytic, the anticancer and antioxidant activity of Cassia alata ethanolic extract and its phytochemical analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sujatha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"299","article-title":"Studies on antimicrobial activities from flower extracts of Cassia alata Linn","volume":"4","author":"Selvi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"176","article-title":"Phytochemical properties and in-vitro antifungal activity of Senna alata Linn. crude stem bark extract","volume":"5","author":"Sule","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"741","article-title":"Antifungal activity from leaf extracts of Cassia alata L., Cassia fistula L. and Cassia tora L.","volume":"26","author":"Phongpaichit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0292","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of some Nigerian indigenous medicinal plants","volume":"13","author":"Akinmoladun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2011.02.005","article-title":"Study on Senna alata and its different extracts by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy","volume":"991","author":"Adiana","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"142","article-title":"In vitro screening of two flavonoid compounds isolated from cassia alata L. leaves for fungicidal activities","volume":"16","author":"Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13032846","article-title":"Astragalin from Cassia alata induces DNA adducts in vitro and repairable DNA damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"13","author":"Saito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"861","article-title":"Studies on chemical constituents from leaves of Cassia alata","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated dictionary, Springer Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70638-2"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200001020-00001","article-title":"Management of seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor","volume":"1","author":"Faergemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-11","article-title":"The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases","volume":"25","author":"Gaitanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00597-10","article-title":"Quantitation of major human cutaneous bacterial and fungal populations","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630410032430","article-title":"Prescribing practices for seborrheic dermatitis vary with the physician\u2019s specialty: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog. Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis: Etiology, risk factors, and treatments: Facts and controversies","volume":"31","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14006","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis-Looking beyond Malassezia","volume":"28","author":"Wikramanayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1382","article-title":"A comprehensive pathophysiology of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis-Towards a more precise definition of scalp health","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Derm-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5066","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2018.00924.1","article-title":"Anti-alopecia characteristics of ethanol extract, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav","volume":"11","author":"Mustarichie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4195-9","article-title":"Fungal cytochrome P450 sterol 14\u03b1-demethylase (CYP51) and azole resistance in plant and human pathogens","volume":"95","author":"Becher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02123.x","article-title":"Itraconazole in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: A new treatment modality","volume":"43","author":"Baysal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S376700","article-title":"Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Seborrhea Dermatitis","volume":"2022","author":"Mustarichie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Dewick, P.M. (2002). A Biosynthetic Approach, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seigler, D.S. (1998). Plant Secondary Metabolism, Springer Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4913-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines2030251","article-title":"Modes of Action of Herbal Medicines and Plant Secondary Metabolites","volume":"2","author":"Wink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Svahn, S. (2015). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.09.012","article-title":"Drug discovery from medicinal plants","volume":"78","author":"Balunas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2022.v14s4.PP19","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and quantification of major flavonoid in leaves of Pereskia Bleo (Kunth) DC","volume":"14","author":"Saptarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.10.036","article-title":"Comparison of extracts prepared from plant by-products using different solvents and extraction time","volume":"71","author":"Lapornik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.032","article-title":"In vivo anthelmintic activity of five alkaloids from Macleaya microcarpa (Maxim) Fedde against Dactylogyrus intermedius in Carassius auratus","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"98","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review","volume":"1","author":"Tiwari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Pharm Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2024, March 04). Ketoconazole (Topical) (Monograph). Available online: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/ketoconazole-topical.html."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pengaruh ekstrak daun ketepeng cina (Cassia alata L.) terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Malassezia Furfur penyebab ketombe","volume":"1","author":"Sulistyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Techn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.25026\/jsk.v1i6.67","article-title":"Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.)","volume":"1","author":"Triana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sains Dan Kesehat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02849-1","article-title":"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: A multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls","volume":"37","author":"Cushnie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2009.01.001","article-title":"A high throughput nile red method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"42","article-title":"In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of extract and fraction seed coat kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc L.)","volume":"10","author":"Fatahillah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"459","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidative compounds from Cassia alata Linn","volume":"36","author":"Promgool","year":"2014","journal-title":"Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.501","article-title":"Antifungal Agents: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Correlation of These Mechanisms with Bacterial Resistance","volume":"12","author":"Ghannoum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Walker, G.M., and White, N.A. (2005). Fungi, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.010538-0","article-title":"Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species","volume":"58","author":"Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2003.11.001","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage and disease: Induction, repair and significance","volume":"567","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.05.013","article-title":"Antifungal peptides: To be or not to be membrane active","volume":"130","author":"Rautenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2017.04.008","article-title":"The antifungal activity of Moroccan plants and the mechanism of action of secondary metabolites from plants","volume":"27","author":"Lagrouh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Li, L.P., Zhang, J.D., Li, Q., Shen, H., Chen, S.M., He, L.J., Yan, L., Xu, G.T., and An, M.M. (2014). Synergistic Antifungal Effect of Glabridin and Fluconazole. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103442"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3109\/13693781003739351","article-title":"Novel antifungal activity of purpurin against Candida species in vitro","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitencourt, T.A., Komoto, T.T., Massaroto, B.G., Miranda, C.E.S., Beleboni, R.O., Marins, M., and Fachin, A.L. (2013). Trans-chalcone and quercetin down-regulate fatty acid synthase gene expression and reduce ergosterol content in the human pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. BMC Compl. Altern. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-229"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of wild garlic Allium ursinum of Bulgarian origin","volume":"4","author":"Ivanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"182","article-title":"Antifungal activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Cassia alata Linn","volume":"2","author":"Timothy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.01.009","article-title":"Silymarin exerts antifungal effects via membrane-targeted mode of action by increasing permeability and inducing oxidative stress","volume":"1859","author":"Yun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1604948","article-title":"Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: A possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2020.9509","article-title":"Phytochemical screening of plant extracts and GC-MS analysis of n-hexane extract of the leaves of Cassia alata Linn","volume":"9","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badr, A.N., Ali, H.S., Abdel-Razek, A.G., Shaheta, M.G., and Albaridi, N.A. (2020). Bioactive components of pomegranate oil and their influence on mycotoxin secretion. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120748"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.5.1206","article-title":"Inhibition of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. by fatty acids and their monoglycerides","volume":"70","author":"Altieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.2.956-960.2001","article-title":"Specificity and mode of action of the antifungal fatty acid cis-9-heptadecenoic acid produced by Pseudozyma flocculosa","volume":"67","author":"Avis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.05.004","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause apoptosis in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis biofilms","volume":"1820","author":"Thibane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/14756360009040693","article-title":"Inhibition of topoisomerases by fatty acids","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.05.008","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid on mammalian DNA polymerase and topoisomerase activities and human cancer cell proliferation","volume":"70","author":"Yonezawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1977","article-title":"Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Camptothecins and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Pommier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43283-8","article-title":"Metabolism of 2-hexadecynoate and inhibition of fatty acid elongation","volume":"256","author":"Wood","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.19963291102","article-title":"Synthesis and antifungal activities of myristic acid analogs","volume":"329","author":"Parang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.18.16932","article-title":"Lipid droplet formation protects against gluco\/lipotoxicity in Candida parapsilosis: An essential role of fatty acid desaturase Ole1","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00120-X","article-title":"Isolation of antibacterial fatty acids from Schotia brachypetala","volume":"73","author":"McGaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fitoter"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4308\/hjb.28.1.12","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of active and applicable compounds in methanol extract of sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) leaves","volume":"28","author":"Astiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"HAYATI J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.3390\/md8102597","article-title":"Effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids on biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis","volume":"8","author":"Thibane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-017-0657-1","article-title":"Recent Advances in Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Regulation Mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8563","DOI":"10.15446\/rfnam.v71n3.68284","article-title":"Antifungal activity of extracts, essential oil and constituents from Petroselinum crispum against Colletotrichum acutatum","volume":"71","author":"Pineda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. De Agron. Medellin"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2014.941451","article-title":"The effects of Combretum zeyheri leaf extract on ergosterol synthesis in Candida albicans","volume":"21","author":"Mutasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"153","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening of Cicer arietinum in folklore medicine for hepatoprotection","volume":"3","author":"Beena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Innov. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2022.1558205","article-title":"Analysis of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves of fig (Ficus carica L.) from Ciwidey Distric, West Java, Indonesia","volume":"Special Issue","author":"Saptarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00067-1","article-title":"The preliminary isolation of several antibacterial compounds from Combretum erythrophyllum (Combretaceae)","volume":"62","author":"Martini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2022.1526753","article-title":"Inhibitory activity, metabolite contents determination, and in silico prediction of parsley leaves fraction (Petrocelinum crispum MILL) as antifungal agent of Malassezia furfur","volume":"15","author":"Hasanuddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh131","article-title":"UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase","volume":"32","author":"Apweiler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W252","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku340","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: Modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information","volume":"42","author":"Biasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W20","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh435","article-title":"BLAST: At the core of a powerful and diverse set of sequence analysis tools","volume":"32","author":"McGinnis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg520","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: An automated protein homology-modeling server","volume":"31","author":"Schwede","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc.2010.022","article-title":"A fresh look at the Ramachandran plot and the occurrence of standard structures in proteins","volume":"1","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Open Babel: An open chemical toolbox","volume":"3","author":"Banck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:14:37Z","timestamp":1760105677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17030380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17030380","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]}}}