{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:52:11Z","timestamp":1790589131060,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Egyptian Japanese Scientific Cooperation","award":["42811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42811"]}]},{"name":"Joint Egyptian Japanese Scientific Cooperation","award":["43990SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43990SF"]}]},{"name":"Joint Egyptian Japanese Scientific Cooperation","award":["RSP2024-R78"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024-R78"]}]},{"name":"Egypt\u2013France Joint Driver","award":["42811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42811"]}]},{"name":"Egypt\u2013France Joint Driver","award":["43990SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43990SF"]}]},{"name":"Egypt\u2013France Joint Driver","award":["RSP2024-R78"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024-R78"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["42811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42811"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["43990SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43990SF"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2024-R78"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024-R78"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ammodaucus leucotrichus exhibits promising pharmacological activity, hinting at anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. This study investigated seed extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus using methanol and n-hexane, focusing on anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. The methanol extract outperformed the n-hexane extract and diclofenac, a reference anti-inflammatory drug, in trypsin inhibition (85% vs. 30% and 64.67% at 125 \u03bcg\/mL). For trypsin inhibition, the IC50 values were 82.97 \u03bcg\/mL (methanol), 202.70 \u03bcg\/mL (n-hexane), and 97.04 \u03bcg\/mL (diclofenac). Additionally, the n-hexane extract surpassed the methanol extract and diclofenac in BSA (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibition (90.4% vs. 22.0% and 51.4% at 62.5 \u03bcg\/mL). The BSA denaturation IC50 values were 14.30 \u03bcg\/mL (n-hexane), 5408 \u03bcg\/mL (methanol), and 42.30 \u03bcg\/mL (diclofenac). Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) revealed 59 and 58 secondary metabolites in the methanol and n-hexane extracts, respectively. The higher therapeutic activity of the methanol extract was attributed to hydroxyacetic acid hydrazide, absent in the n-hexane extract. In silico docking studies identified 28 compounds with negative binding energies, indicating potential trypsin inhibition. The 2-hydroxyacetohydrazide displayed superior inhibitory effects compared to diclofenac. Further mechanistic studies are crucial to validate 2-hydroxyacetohydrazide as a potential drug candidate for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Seed Extracts: A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Phytochemical Composition, Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy, Predictive Anti-Arthritic Properties, and Molecular Docking Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheima","family":"Djehiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Benzidane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanene","family":"Djeghim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology and Health, Biotechnology Research Center (CRBt), Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Tebboub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hassen","family":"Mokrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Mebrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology and Health, Biotechnology Research Center (CRBt), Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3536-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, Ain Oussera 17200, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chawki","family":"Bensouici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology and Health, Biotechnology Research Center (CRBt), Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alsalme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cornu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europ\u00e9en des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eug\u00e8ne Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2913-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhael","family":"Bechelany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europ\u00e9en des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eug\u00e8ne Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Functional Materials Group, Gulf University for Science and Technology (GUST), Mubarak Al-Abdullah 32093, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekhmici","family":"Arrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif 19000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4859-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Barhoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102400","article-title":"The Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"110","author":"Scherer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00790-8","article-title":"Synovial Tissue Macrophages in Joint Homeostasis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Disease Remission","volume":"18","author":"Alivernini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1887","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.246","article-title":"The Interplay between Inflammation and Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Chimenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216694","article-title":"Is the Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis Changing? Results from a Population-Based Incidence Study, 1985\u20132014","volume":"79","author":"Myasoedova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.J., Anzaghe, M., and Sch\u00fclke, S. (2020). Update on the Pathomechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040880"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, B.M., G\u00fcnther, J., Kaudewitz, D., and Lorenz, H.M. (2019). Current Therapeutic Options in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070938"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04051.x","article-title":"JAK2 and STAT3 Activation Contributes to Neuronal Damage Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"98","author":"Satriotomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38653","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c06188","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots derived from herbal medicine as therapeutic nanoagents for rheumatoid arthritis with ultrahigh lubrication and anti-inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Qiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"190","article-title":"Potential Efficacy of Turmeric as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent and Antioxidant in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Qayyum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Khyber Med. Univ. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.12.013","article-title":"Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Individual and Combined Extracts from Commiphora Myrrha, and Boswellia Carterii","volume":"139","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.100981","article-title":"Chemical Profiling and Biological Activities of \u201cGreen\u201d Extracts of Willow Species (Salix L., Salicaceae): Experimental and Chemometric Approaches","volume":"32","author":"Kladar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5164","article-title":"Anti-Arthritic Activity of Combination of Caesalpinia Sappan and Zingiber Officinale Extracts in Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Tukiran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. J. Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Pushpalatha, D.S.S.P.S., Kumaraswamy, S., Selvaraj, G.K., Narayanaswamy, R., Prabhakaran, V.-S., Sivakumar, T., and Kesavan, A. (2023). Natural Products as Cancer Therapeutics, IGI Global."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-020-0154-7","article-title":"Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ammodaucus leucotrichus","volume":"6","author":"Msanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Phytoscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01007-9","article-title":"Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014A Complex Field with Significant Potential for Future Treatments","volume":"23","author":"Mustonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704197","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.704197","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kizis, D., Vichou, A.-E., and Natskoulis, P.I. (2021). Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Analysis and Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Grapes and Derived Products. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13052537"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmx069","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Simplified Simultaneous Distillation Coupled with Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for the Analysis of Essential Oil in Schisandra Sphenanthera","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usman, M., Cheng, S., Boonyubol, S., and Cross, J.S. (2023). Evaluating Green Solvents for Bio-Oil Extraction: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Energy, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16155852"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125215","article-title":"Generic conditions for electromembrane extraction of polar bases","volume":"267","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2012.01418.x","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Property of n-Hexadecanoic Acid: Structural Evidence and Kinetic Assessment","volume":"80","author":"Aparna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2017v9i3.16190","article-title":"Chemical Compounds and Biological Activity of an Extract from Bougainvillea x Buttiana (Var. Rose) Holttum and Standl","volume":"9","author":"Guerrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216683836","article-title":"Gamma-Tocopherol Supplementation Ameliorated Hyper-Inflammatory Response during the Early Cutaneous Wound Healing in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"242","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2019.1.22","article-title":"Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia Reticulata Wight and Arn","volume":"11","author":"Godara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1839510","article-title":"Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, Phospholipase A2-Inhibitory Activity and Structure Elucidation of Compounds from Leaves of Schumanniophyton magnificum","volume":"58","author":"Joshua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.51847\/dD8QR6U2EC","article-title":"GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extracts of Stem and Seed Samples of Distimake Spp.","volume":"13","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdi Bellau, M.L., Chiurato, M.A., Maietti, A., Fantin, G., Tedeschi, P., Marchetti, N., Tacchini, M., Sacchetti, G., and Guerrini, A. (2022). Nutrients and Main Secondary Metabolites Characterizing Extracts and Essential Oil from Fruits of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Dur. (Western Sahara). Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27155013"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"24","article-title":"Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Cissus vitiginea Leaves Using GC-MS Technique","volume":"10","author":"Gnanasundaram","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, T., Shen, F., Zhu, H., Mu, W., Qian, H., and Liu, Y. (2024). Extracellular Polysaccharides from Sporidiobolus Pararoseus Alleviates Rheumatoid through Ameliorating Gut Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129436"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"19","article-title":"Identification Of Bioactive Components And Its Biological Activities Of Abelmoschas Moschatus Flower Extrtact-A Gc-Ms Study","volume":"10","author":"Kavitha","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961708","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.961708","article-title":"Metabolomics in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Advances and Review","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.792846","article-title":"The Effect of Ketogenic Diet on Inflammatory Arthritis and Cardiovascular Health in Rheumatic Conditions: A Mini Review","volume":"8","author":"Ciaffi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"4787643","article-title":"Activities and Molecular Mechanisms of Diterpenes, Diterpenoids, and Their Derivatives in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"2022","author":"Quispe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00578-0","article-title":"A Novel Tricyclic BTK Inhibitor Suppresses B Cell Responses and Osteoclastic Bone Erosion in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812631","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.812631","article-title":"Effect of Anti-Rheumatic Drugs on Cardiovascular Disease Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Baoqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azizov, V., and Zaiss, M.M. (2021). Alcohol Consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Path through the Immune System. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041324"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2021.113018","article-title":"Sesquiterpenes from Kadsura Coccinea Attenuate Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Inflammation by Inhibiting the NF-\u039aB and JAK2\/STAT3 Signal Pathways","volume":"194","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00757-9","article-title":"Current and Novel Therapeutic Targets in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"28","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03473-7","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Old Issue, the New Therapeutic Approach","volume":"14","author":"Babaahmadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.10.008","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling, and Biological Evaluation of Acrylamide Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Human Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2022.2025593","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Effects of Compounds from Buddleja coriacea","volume":"36","author":"Slowing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schepetkin, I.A., Plotnikov, M.B., Khlebnikov, A.I., Plotnikova, T.M., and Quinn, M.T. (2021). Oximes: Novel Therapeutics with Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060777"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Z.U.R., Assad, N., Naeem-ul-Hassan, M., Sher, M., Alatawi, F.S., Alatawi, M.S., Omran, A.M.E., Jame, R.M.A., Adnan, M., and Khan, M.N. (2023). Aconitum Lycoctonum L. (Ranunculaceae) Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Agents. BMC Chem., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-01047-5"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, B., Patra, S., Behera, C., Nayak, R., Jit, B.P., Ragusa, A., and Jena, M. (2021). Preliminary Investigation of the Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Enteromorpha Intestinalis Extracts. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041171"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.05.043","article-title":"Chemo-Profiling by UPLC-QTOF MS Analysis and in Vitro Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Field Milkwort (Polygala arvensis Willd.)","volume":"149","author":"Mane","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Saldanha, E., Pai, R.J., George, T., D\u2019Souza, S., Adnan, M., Pais, M., Naik, T., D\u2019Souza, R.C.C., D\u2019Cunha, R., and Shrinath Baliga, M. (2018). Therapeutic, Probiotic, and Unconventional Foods, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbotto, E., Casini, B., Piacente, F., Scarano, N., Cerri, E., Tonelli, M., Astigiano, C., Millo, E., Sturla, L., and Bruzzone, S. (2023). Novel Thiazole-Based SIRT2 Inhibitors Discovered via Molecular Modelling Studies and Enzymatic Assays. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091316"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2018.17","article-title":"Proteinases and Their Receptors in Inflammatory Arthritis: An Overview","volume":"14","author":"Oikonomopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., and Das, B. (2024). The Role of Inflammatory Mediators and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the Progression of Osteoarthritis. Biomater. Biosyst., 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbiosy.2024.100090"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733387","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.733387","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of SphK1 Inhibitors Based on Abnormal Expression of SphK1 in Inflammatory Immune Related-Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283378e6f","article-title":"Kinase Inhibitors: A New Approach to Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907733","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.907733","article-title":"G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Functional Roles","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegen, M., and Frey, U.H. (2022). The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 Regulation in Inflammation and Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415880"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-016-0190-5","article-title":"Recent Progress in JAK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Nakayamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, P.C., Laedermann, C., Alten, R., Feist, E., Choy, E., Haladyj, E., De La Torre, I., Richette, P., Finckh, A., and Tanaka, Y. (2023). A JAK Inhibitor for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Baricitinib Experience. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134527"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pieta, A., Venetsanopoulou, A.I., Kittas, C., Christaki, E., and Voulgari, P.V. (2023). Recurrent Scedosporium Apiospermum Cutaneous Infection in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Potent Role of IL-6 Signaling Pathway Blockade: A Case-Based Review. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9060683"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101927","article-title":"Nanomedical Approaches in the Realm of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"87","author":"Radu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046810","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1046810","article-title":"Targeting Matrix Metalloproteases: A Promising Strategy for Herbal Medicines to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.6.455","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Synovial Fluids from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13317-020-00135-z","article-title":"NF-\u039aB Signaling in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Focus on Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes","volume":"11","author":"Farhadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Highlights"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2457","article-title":"The Roles of the Classical and Alternative Nuclear Factor-KappaB Pathways: Potential Implications for Autoimmunity and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.25135\/acg.oc.122.2203.2397","article-title":"Chemical Descriptors, PASS, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics and ADMET Predictions of Glucopyranoside Derivatives as Inhibitors to Bacteria and Fungi Growth","volume":"15","author":"Kawsar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Org. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W257","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky318","article-title":"ProTox-II: A Webserver for the Prediction of Toxicity of Chemicals","volume":"46","author":"Banerjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.349","article-title":"Signaling Pathways in Macrophages: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600182","article-title":"A BOILED-Egg To Predict Gastrointestinal Absorption and Brain Penetration of Small Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Daina","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46277","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46277","article-title":"Computational Analysis of Calculated Physicochemical and ADMET Properties of Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Lagorce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2013.2.14","article-title":"Comparison between Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Different Parts of Capparis Spinosa L.","volume":"3","author":"Arrar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300191193","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Dicliptera Cuneata Nees Aerial Parts","volume":"19","author":"Suresh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531998","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00688","article-title":"The Natural Polypeptides as Significant Elastase Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.130399","article-title":"New Silver Nheterocyclic Carbenes Complexes: Synthesis, Molecular Docking Study and Biological Activities Evaluation as Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Antimicrobials","volume":"1238","author":"Lasmari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900027","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201900027","article-title":"Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Alkyl Bis(4-amino-5-cyanopyrimidine) Derivatives","volume":"352","author":"Boualia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakularam, K.R., Karst, F., Polamarasetty, A., Ivanov, I., Heydeck, D., and Kuhn, H. (2022). Paralog- and Ortholog-Specificity of Inhibitors of Human and Mouse Lipoxygenase-Isoforms. Biomed. Pharmacother., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112434"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.20307\/nps.2019.25.2.115","article-title":"Chemical Constituents from Solenostemma argel and Their Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity","volume":"25","author":"Demmak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0477","article-title":"A Fast Flexible Docking Method Using an Incremental Construction Algorithm","volume":"261","author":"Rarey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00642-0","article-title":"Anti-Arthritic Activity of Ferulic Acid in Complete Freund\u2019s Adjuvant (CFA)-Induced Arthritis in Rats: JAK2 Inhibition","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/385\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:15:10Z","timestamp":1760105710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17030385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17030385","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]}}}