{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:27:37Z","timestamp":1789619257808,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan","award":["TCRD 110-59"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD 110-59"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orally administered \u201ctortoiseshell and deer antler gelatin\u201d is a common traditional medicine for patients with osteoporosis or osteoarthritis. From the pepsin-digested gelatin, we previously isolated and identified the osteoblast-stimulating pentapeptide, TSKYR. Its trypsin digestion products include the dipeptide YR, enhancing calcium ion uptake, and tripeptide TSK, resulting in remarkable 30- and 50-fold increases in mineralized nodule area and density in human osteoblast cells. These peptides were chemically synthesized in this study. The composition of deer antler preparations comprises not only proteins and peptides but also a significant quantity of metal ion salts. By analyzing osteoblast growth in the presence of peptide YR and various metal ions, we observed a synergistic effect of calcium and strontium on the effects of YR. Those peptides could also stimulate the growth of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and human chondrocytes, increasing collagen and glycosaminoglycan content in a three-dimensional environment. The maintenance of bone homeostasis relies on a balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Deer antler peptides were observed to inhibit osteoclast differentiation, as evidenced by ROS generation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity assays, and gene expression in RAW264.7 cells. In summary, our findings provide a deep understanding of the efficacy of this folk medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T12:52:12Z","timestamp":1711630332000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Biological Activities of Deer Antler-Derived Peptides on Human Chondrocyte and Bone Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8414-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Ru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970473, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, March 25). 2023 Global Glucosamine Market Size and Leading Players: 2030 Outlook. 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