{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:48:24Z","timestamp":1781135304445,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries","award":["B83959379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B83959379"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation, often accompanied by cognitive impairment. This study aims (1) to investigate the potential of glatiramer acetate (GA) as a therapy for preventing cognitive decline in patients with MS (pwMS) by modulating oxidative stress (OS) and (2) to seek out the differences in cognition between pwMS in a cohort exhibiting good clinical evolution and control subjects (CS). An exploratory, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional case\u2013control study was conducted, involving three groups at a 1:1:1 ratio\u201441 GA-treated pwMS, 42 untreated pwMS, and 42 CS. The participants performed a neuropsychological battery and underwent venepuncture for blood sampling. The inclusion criteria required an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of \u22643.0 and a minimum of 5 years of MS disease. Concerning cognition, the CS had a better performance than the pwMS (p = &lt;0.0001), and between those treated and untreated with GA, no statistically significant differences were found. Regarding oxidation, no statistically significant differences were detected. Upon categorizing the pwMS into cognitively impaired and cognitively preserved groups, the lactate was elevated in the pwMS with cognitive preservation (p = 0.038). The pwMS exhibited a worse cognitive performance than the CS. The pwMS treated with GA did not show an improvement in oxidation. Lactate emerged as a potential biomarker for cognitive preservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T08:42:34Z","timestamp":1712133754000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Can Glatiramer Acetate Prevent Cognitive Impairment by Modulating Oxidative Stress in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gil-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9831-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Canudes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5072-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Nogueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mingot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petya","family":"Valcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascual","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6714-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Carlos","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Solana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Brieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida (HUAVLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Medicine, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.93","article-title":"Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Calabrese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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