{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:55Z","timestamp":1760144275345,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State of Goi\u00e1s Research Foundation","award":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES)","award":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"]}]},{"name":"iii-INCT-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/CNPq","award":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201210267001224","465434\/2014-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study evaluated the influence of cannabis and\/or cocaine use in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell responses of people with HIV (PWH). Results: There was a higher percentage of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells in all drug users than that in PWH non-drug users. Stratifying the drug-user groups, increased percentages of IL-17-producing HIV-Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were found in PWH cannabis plus cocaine users compared to PWH non-drug users. In response to CMV, there were higher percentage of IL-17-producing CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell in PWH cocaine users than that in PWH non-drug users. Considering all drug users together, there was a higher percentage of SEB-stimulated IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells than that in PWH non-drug users, whereas cannabis users had higher percentages of IL-17-producing CD4+ T-cells compared to non-drug users. Methods: Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 37 PWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) using cannabis (10), cocaine (7), or cannabis plus cocaine (10) and non-drug users (10) were stimulated with HIV-1 Gag or CMV-pp65 peptide pools, or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and evaluated for IFN-\u03b3- and\/or IL-17A-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. Conclusions: Cannabis plus cocaine use increased HIV-specific IL-17 producing T-cells and cocaine use increased IL-17 CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses which could favor the inflammatory conditions associated with IL-17 overproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T10:11:55Z","timestamp":1712571115000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polarization of HIV-1- and CMV-Specific IL-17-Producing T Cells among People with HIV under Antiretroviral Therapy with Cannabis and\/or Cocaine Usage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fernanda de Oliveira Feitosa de","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-050, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Vida, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Goi\u00e1s (PUC-Goi\u00e1s), Goi\u00e2nia 74605-140, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Oliveira","family":"Guilarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-050, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Carlos Silva","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-050, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regyane Ferreira","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas Dr. Serafim de Carvalho, Jata\u00ed 75805-020, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Joaquina Cohen Serique","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais, Goi\u00e2nia 74850-400, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Roosevelt Torres","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3737-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmtraut Araci Hoffmann","family":"Pfrimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Vida, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Goi\u00e1s (PUC-Goi\u00e1s), Goi\u00e2nia 74605-140, GO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade Federal de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-050, GO, Brazil"},{"name":"iii-INCT-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.209-219.2003","article-title":"Microbial Infections, Immunomodulation, and Drugs of Abuse","volume":"16","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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