{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:12:52Z","timestamp":1787501572685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Establishment of a Center of Excellence for Pharmacological Studies and Precision Medicine-IMPReS","award":["MIS 5047189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047189"]}]},{"name":"Establishment of a Center of Excellence for Pharmacological Studies and Precision Medicine-IMPReS","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["MIS 5047189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047189"]}]},{"name":"Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["MIS 5047189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047189"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolites produced by dysbiotic intestinal microbiota can influence disease pathophysiology by participating in ligand\u2013receptor interactions. Our aim was to investigate the differential expression of metabolite receptor (MR) genes between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), healthy individuals (HIs), and disease controls in order to identify possible interactions with inflammatory and fibrotic pathways in the intestine. RNA-sequencing datasets containing 643 Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) patients, 467 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 295 HIs, and 4 Campylobacter jejuni-infected individuals were retrieved from the Sequence Read Archive, and differential expression was performed using the RaNA-seq online platform. The identified differentially expressed MR genes were used for correlation analysis with up- and downregulated genes in IBD, as well as functional enrichment analysis using a R based pipeline. Overall, 15 MR genes exhibited dysregulated expression in IBD. In inflamed CD, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors 2 and 3 (HCAR2, HCAR3) were upregulated and were associated with the recruitment of innate immune cells, while, in the non-inflamed CD ileum, the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and the sphingosine-1-phospate receptor 4 (S1PR4) were downregulated and were involved in the regulation of B-cell activation. In inflamed UC, the upregulated receptors HCAR2 and HCAR3 were more closely associated with the process of TH-17 cell differentiation, while the pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) were downregulated and were involved in epithelial barrier maintenance. Our results elucidate the landscape of metabolite receptor expression in IBD, highlighting associations with disease-related functions that could guide the development of new targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T09:28:06Z","timestamp":1712914086000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring Microbial Metabolite Receptors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An In Silico Analysis of Their Potential Role in Inflammation and Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michail","family":"Spathakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Dovrolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Filidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-4210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonidas","family":"Kandilogiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6877-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gesthimani","family":"Tarapatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vassilis","family":"Valatas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Drygiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Paspaliaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tithon Biotech Inc., San Diego, CA 92127, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0639-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Arvanitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0849-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vangelis G.","family":"Manolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2066-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Kolios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1846-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Vradelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, 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