{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:40:24Z","timestamp":1768473624558,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP-06 PN61-8\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06 PN61-8\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several biologically active compounds involved in the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles have been isolated from snail mucus and characterized. This paper presents a successful method for the application of snail mucus from Cornu aspersum as a bioreducing agent of copper sulfate and as a biostabilizer of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs-Muc) obtained. The synthesis at room temperature and neutral pH yielded nanoparticles with a spherical shape and an average diameter of 150 nm. The structure and properties of CuONPs-Muc were characterized using various methods and techniques, such as ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy (UV\u2013vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), up-conversion infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM\/EDS), Raman spectroscopy and imaging, thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DSC), etc. Mucus proteins with molecular weights of 30.691 kDa and 26.549 kDa were identified, which are involved in the biogenic production of CuONPs-Muc. The macromolecular shell of proteins formed around the copper ions contributes to a higher efficiency of the synthesized CuONPs-Muc in inhibiting the bacterial growth of several Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis NBIMCC2353, Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria innocua NBIMCC8755) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Salmonella enteitidis NBIMCC8691, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17666) bacteria compared to baseline mucus. The bioorganic synthesis of snail mucus presented here provides CuONPs-Muc with a highly pronounced antimicrobial effect. These results will expand knowledge in the field of natural nanomaterials and their role in emerging dosage forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1713182033000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development of CuO Nanoparticles from the Mucus of Garden Snail Cornu aspersum as New Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlina","family":"Dolashka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Marinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2995-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ventsislava","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology (SU-BF), Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Ranguelov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cRostislav Kaishev\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1239-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Atanasova-Vladimirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry \u201cRostislav Kaishev\u201d, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Kaynarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivanka","family":"Stoycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliya","family":"Pisareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology (SU-BF), Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tomova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology (SU-BF), Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Kosateva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3658-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Velkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Dolashki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2017.07.019","article-title":"Recent advances in nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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