{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:51:56Z","timestamp":1793224316636,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A2B2010948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A2B2010948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin (IL)-32 is produced by T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes, and epithelial cells. IL-32 induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and IL-8, and IL-32 expression is highly increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Enolase-1 (ENO1) is a glycolytic enzyme and the stimulation of ENO1 induces high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in concanavalin A (Con A)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages in RA patients. In addition, there are many reports that anti-ENO1 antibody is correlated with the disease progression of RA. It implies that ENO1 could regulate IL-32 production during inflammation related to the pathogenesis of RA. Therefore, we investigated the role of ENO1 in IL-32 production using Con A-activated PBMCs and RA PBMCs. IL-32 expression is increased by ENO1 stimulation using real-time PCR and ELISA. In addition, we confirmed that IL-32 production was decreased in Con A-activated PBMCs and RA PBMCs pre-treated with NF-\u03baB or p38 MAPK pathway inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that ENO1 plays an important role in inflammation through the induction of IL-32 production by the activation of the NF-\u03baB and p38 MAPK pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of \u03b1-Enolase on the Production of Interleukin (IL)-32 in Con A-Mediated Inflammation and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3378-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejung","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seulgi","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyo","family":"Agura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seoyoun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyovin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7675-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Seung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0620-550R","article-title":"Molecular interactions and functions of IL-32","volume":"109","author":"Aass","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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