{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:03Z","timestamp":1787029263165,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The United Nations World Drug Report published in 2022 alarmed that the global market of illicit drugs is steadily expanding in space and scale. Substances of abuse are usually perceived in the light of threats to human health and public security, while the environmental aspects of their use and subsequent emissions usually remain less explored. However, as with other human activities, drug production, trade, and consumption of drugs may leave their environmental mark. Therefore, this paper aims to review the occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters and their bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Illicit drugs of different groups, i.e., psychostimulants (methamphetamines\/amphetamines, cocaine, and its metabolite benzoylecgonine) and depressants (opioids: morphine, heroin, methadone, fentanyl), can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharge as they are often not entirely removed during wastewater treatment processes, resulting in their subsequent circulation in nanomolar concentrations, potentially affecting aquatic biota, including fish. Exposure to such xenobiotics can induce oxidative stress and dysfunction to mitochondrial and lysosomal function, distort locomotion activity by regulating the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, increase the predation risk, instigate neurological disorders, disbalance neurotransmission, and produce histopathological alterations in the brain and liver tissues, similar to those described in mammals. Hence, this drugs-related multidimensional harm to fish should be thoroughly investigated in line with environmental protection policies before it is too late. At the same time, selected fish species (e.g., Danio rerio, zebrafish) can be employed as models to study toxic and binge-like effects of psychoactive, illicit compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Illicit Drugs in Surface Waters: How to Get Fish off the Addictive Hook"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3058-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Falfushynska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Rychter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Technology, Jan Dlugosz University in Cz\u0119stochowa, Armii Krajowej 13\/15, 42200 Czestochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Boshtova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliia","family":"Faidiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Educational and Scientific Centre \u201cInstitute of Biology and Medicine\u201d, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2 Prospekt Hlushkov, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 154 Zabolotny Str., 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiia","family":"Kasianchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-0801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Rzymski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, March 07). 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